Features Of The Written Constitution Essay - 1556 Words

This essay will analyze in detail features of the written constitution and explain whether it should be included or not. Firstly, I would give a specific definition of a constitution. Then I state clear summary of three features of current New Zealand constitution comprised of democracy principle, its timely adaptability, and its various sources. After that, there are three features of written constitution which are democracy principles, an entrenched law and an enforceable mechanism would be illustrated. Finally, I would point out how and why a Bill of Right and an entrenched supreme law are worth including features, whereas the Treaty of Waitangi should be excluded out of a written constitution. Constitution states government institution’s structural roles and responsibilities, and how those powers exercised. Besides, the constitution does display fundamental principles refer to human rights. As for current New Zealand unwritten constitution, it is found in a formal legal document that based on states court’s decisions and conventional practices (â€Å"OURNZ: NewZealandconstitution,†n.d.). Here I would summarize three features of New Zealand’s current constitution. Firstly, it is known that New Zealand which has a parliamentary system of government is a monarchy. For this fact, the constitution’s first feature reflects a democracy- underlying characteristic of New Zealand government. Particularly, the constitution Act 1986- the principal formal statement will be exemplifiedShow MoreRelatedThe Constitution For New Zealand Essay1591 Words   |  7 Pagesincluded or excluded in a written constitution for New Zealand?† Moore (2016) emphasises the statement â€Å"time for a 40-page New Zealand constitution† declared by constitutional law expert and former prime minister, Sir Geoffrey Palmer, in his article on Stuff.co.nz. 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This essay also covers the need to include the Constitution Act 1986, the Public Finance Act 1989 and theRead MoreDefining Characteristics Of The New Zealand Constitution1450 Words   |  6 PagesPublic Law: Defining Characteristics of the New Zealand Constitution ID: 62952639 A constitution revolves around public power. It is the body of law that creates and regulates the application of the powers . The nature and application of these powers are the one of the most fundamental components of an evolved society. NZ has a number of unique and defining characteristics to its constitution, the origins of these powers and their application have far reaching consequences for the people of NewRead MoreThe Constitution of the U.K. Essay1234 Words   |  5 PagesThe Constitution of the U.K. There are two meanings to the word constitution the first is that It will contain all of the rules for the organisation of the state.and secondly It will usuall be ‘entrenced’ which means that it is hard to change. The constitution of a country is a set of rules regulating the powers of its government and the rights and duties of its citizens. In all but a few democracies in the world, the nations constitution canRead MoreThe Constitution Of The Italian Republic847 Words   |  4 Pagesdistinctive features of The Constitution of the Italian Republic Outline Main features of Italian Constitution, highlighting aspects of laws governing regions and implementation of democracy Historical background †¢ Constitutional institutions in Italy have over 150 years of history †¢ Through those 1,5 centuries the country have seen frequent changes in regimes such as constitutional monarchy to totalitarian fascist dictatorship and to constitutional democracy after 1946 †¢ First constitution, statutoRead MoreTheu.s. And Texas Documents1184 Words   |  5 PagesA Constitution serves to establish a government, and act as a guide and a reference. It encapsulates the ideals of a citizenry, and delegates powers to a central government. Federal and state governments utilize distinct Constitutions tailored to the specific needs and challenges of governing at the national and local levels. The two Constitutions are in existence for different purposes and cultural situations. On a basic level, however, they both serve similar functions. Both the U.S. and TexasRead MoreGermany and the United Kingdom1400 Words   |  6 Pageschoose to run their countries. Both Germany and the United Kingdom are democracies in the world, however they have many differences between the two. Germany has a constitution, simple branches of government, a complicated electoral system, and interactive local government. On the other hand, the United Kingdom has no written constitution, a complex branches of government, an intricate electoral system, and an almost non-existent local government. In simple terms above, it is seen that Germany andRead MoreThe Uk s Constitution And The United States1485 Words   |  6 Pagesother Nations with a codified constitution, the UK has no single constitutional document- this means, she has no single constitutional document but whose main sources are, Acts of Parliament, Judicial decisions and Constitutional conventions. This essay looks at the features of the UK’s constitution, what a written constitution entails and whether or not it would be desirable for UK to embrace codification being the only European state with an unwritten constitution. There has never been a ‘constitutionalRead MoreNew Zealand s Constitutional Rules And Arrangements Essay1517 Words   |  7 Pagesand arrangements. A constitution describes and establishes the major institutions of the government and endeavors to regulate the power that they hold. The main constitutional institutions in New Zealand that are subject to the constitution are the executive, the legislature, the judiciary and the Sovereign. The main features of New Zealand’s constitution is that it is a monarchy, it is a parliamentary system of government, and it is a democracy. New Zealand’s constitution is identified as an ‘unwritten’Read MoreThe Constitution Of A Country s Government1634 Words   |  7 Pagesunderstand the statement itself. Constitution is a set of rules standardising the power and duties of a country s government as well as the rights of its individuals. Currently constitutions come under two key terms; codified and uncodified constitutions. The UK and countries like Israel and New Zealand are a prime example of uncodified constitutions but that is not to say it is unwritten. Uncodified constitution is one that is made up of numerous written sources. Magna Carta , the Bill of

Beowulf’s Defining Characteristic Free Essays

Beowulf Essay Beowulf, like so many other heroes, is described as a great fghter and a man of tremendous strength. He has self-confidence bordering on insanity. He is willing to do whatever it takes to earn trust and protect his people. We will write a custom essay sample on Beowulf’s Defining Characteristic or any similar topic only for you Order Now He chooses to fght Grendel, an invincible monster unarmed and unprotected because he is very confident in his own strength. Despite his many qualities that make him who he is, bravery is the defining characteristic of heroism in Beowulf. Beowulf has a strong desire to demonstrate his bravery to others. He travelled to the Land of the Danes in large part to prove his courage by destroying Grendel. Just as he was about to kill Grendel, he offered a prayer to God. After the battle, Beowulf knew that he did not kill Grendel alone. He says that God allowed him to kill the monster and gave him all of the credit. Beowulf then fearlessly goes to Grendel’s mother’s underground lair after she attacks the mead-hall Heorot to avenge his eath. Beowulf became ruler of the Kingdom of the Geats. His first task as he ruler was protecting the Geats from a fearsome dragon. The dragon was angered because a servant stole an ornamented cup from him. Before engaging in his biggest battle thus far, he remains brave and confident. Beowulf remembered all of his past victories and knew he had to stay loyal to his people, no matter what the challenge was. Through Beowulf’s bravery, strength, and loyalty, he earned the respect of many people. His actions resemble one of America’s most important Political fgures, Martin Luther King, Jr. MLK and Beowulf both have the intentions freeing and protecting their people. Beowulf saved his people from giant, invincible monsters, while MLK saved his people from the monster of racism. The two of them showed an amazing amount of bravery while doing this. Although their hardships and battles were completely different from each other, their motives and intentions to save their people were nearly identical. How to cite Beowulf’s Defining Characteristic, Papers

Health Service and Facility Planning

Question: Describe about the Health Service and Facility Planning. Answer: Bulk admission reported from the Western NSW residents. Inpatient care data showcase the possibility of increment in the number of patients affected by chronic cardiac issues with concomitant rise in the duration of stays in the hospital. Outpatient care throbbing with the ever surging referral and emergency cases are facing the challenge of stable staff ratio to tackle the situation prudently and therefore require expansion and upgradation. The ambulatory care needs to be revamped as well. In the invasive cardiology category stable data bank to store the retrieved information utilizing the information technology tools are utterly necessary as indicated by study. With the surging population of patients requiring intensive interrogation of lesions the facilities that are rampant now is found to fall short. Among the non invasive cardiology services the paucity of space and concerned personnel has been a limitation for echocardiography facility provision. The gap in the need and access to cardiac MRI has also been identified. Further the arrhythmia centers are in dire need for introducing urgent pacemaker implementation service for the vast proportion of ageing population. Increase in the incidences of the heart failure demand the concerned facility in the SLHD to undergo more infrastructural improvement to meet the demands of the hour. The ambulatory service necessitates the documentation of the medical data in the electronically as electronic medical records capable of being accessible easily. Cardiothoracic surgery in addition to the vascular surgery units call for further modernization and technological upgradation through involvement of novel machineries and expert workforce. Thus the overall scenario in the SLHD cardiology stream unit although found to be stable and satisfactory, yet to further input and utilize newer and age suited equipments and facilities to ensure better patient recovery, a thorough remodeling and modernization is required in this secto r (Northern NSW, 2013). Catchment and reverse Catchment Profiles: The catchment profile with respect to SLHD reveals that the healthcare facilities relevant to the cardiology stream are carried out in three major hospitals namely, the RPA Hospital, the Concord Hospital and the Canterbuy Hospital. The residents of these specific areas are therefore benefitted out of the services with a considerable proportion of the total bed allocation in these mentioned hospitals kept reserved for the local residents only. However, instances of reverse catchment status are evident as well with the patient inflow from the abroad nations and neighborhood localities and adjoining areas and other districts thronging these places in order to receive quality healthcare service (Northern NSW, 2013). Situational Analysis: Strategic Issues On evaluation of the situations that are in prominence in connection to the SLHD it was extracted that in order to ensure the smooth functioning of the existing services and practices with scopes for further betterment in the quality of facility available, definite strategies appropriate to the specific case scenario need to be addressed and implemented in real life as soon as possible. A holistic and partnership based strategy is recommended in this regard to assure the percolation of the assigned duties in a hierarchical manner with the positive implications being evident at every phase of the organizational framework. Associated to these, the district healthcare service plan, district communication plan, community participation plan, research strategic plan, working strategic plan and education strategic plan may be amended in this context (NSW, 2016). Priorities The immediate needs are to be segregated out of the multiple propositions to get the jobs done timely in a cost effective yet efficient manner. Deeper probe into the SLHD cardiology stream unit circumstances brought to forefront the following chief issues that need to be addressed urgently: Introduction of imaging devices viz. cardiac MRI, hybrid labs cardiovascular CT, echocardiography. Implementation of novel equipments with the aid of adequate funding Supervision of newer therapeutic interventions and surveillance over models of care Revamp of the information systems utilizing telemedicine and information technology (IT) tools and electronic databases Enhancement of co-ordination care with minimized hospital utilization Mutually responsive and open ended system flexible to changes and case appropriated demands of the patients The priorities set as per the needs of the patients and on careful evaluation of the hospital setting in SLHD are to be resolved conforming to the international health facility guidelines (TAHPI, 2014). Future Services Profile: Exploring relevant researches and published articles in the given context, generated enough evidences to support the need for implementation and follow up regarding the existing healthcare practices and facilities with proper emphasis being laid upon the multifaceted aspects of care delivery for patients particularly for those who are nearing the end of their lives along with the identified barriers that hinders the progress in such critically ill patients (OConnell et al., 2014). Medical evaluation and research based on cohort studies are preferred to get a comprehensive overview of data pertaining to study mortality, prognostic factors and treatment outcomes among patients with specific clinical conditions in relation to the socio-demographic features and both clinical and treatment variables (Patterson eta l., 2014). Hence extrapolating the findings retrieved from pertinent studies into the health plan context in the cardiology stream unit of the SLHD, Australia the futuristic mod els and strategies relevant to the particular domain abiding by the role delineation of clinical services as put forward by the competent authority of the NSW, Australia. Strategic and functional planning essentially includes referring to minimum core services matrix for the suitable level of clinical practice and thereby determine the desired levels of core services. Comparison of the existing core services with the required core service in order to fulfill the requirements and improvise a plan accordingly has also been mentioned. Therefore conscious and insightful actions in devising and implementing a proper health service plan for the SLHD cardiology stream unit will pave the way for positive health outcomes among the distressed population receiving care from these facilities. Models of Care: Key Goals Objectives Strategies Recommendations Retaining the echocardiography technical staff Minimizing the workforce transfer from public to private sector hospitals Hike in the remuneration of the concerned workforce Scale up of the salary of the healthcare professionals through a proper budget Accommodate large number of cardiac patients in the inpatient units Meeting up to the demands of the ever increasing number of cardiac disease sufferers Increase in the number of beds capacity Escalation in the availability of the beds for admission of the cardiac patients through adequate funding Outpatient units, ambulatory care units, cardiothoracic surgery, vascular surgery units need to be expanded and upgraded Fulfilling the infrastructural demands, ensured well equipped facility, keeping pace with the modern emerging technologies and innovations Workforce boost up Electronic health record Cardiac imaging facility Hybrid Lab facility Installation of modern equipments and introduction of telemedicine concept for data storage and retrieval Invasive cardiology procedure, arrhythmia service, heart failure service are required to co-ordinate with one another Collaborative and partnership approach culminate in better service outcomes Co-ordination and understanding among the healthcare settings offering similar facilities Improvisation of a consent based uniform working framework for healthcare providers with scope for referrals and admissions under special circumstances Address the epidemiological demands with respect to increase in population density along with prevalent co-morbidities Increase the average life expectancy of the general population with care being given to the terminally ill patients Highly sophisticated and modernized infrastructure to help out the patients in need Revamp of the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) facility References: Carter, R., Vos, T., Moodie, M., Haby, M., Magnus, A., Mihalopoulos, C. (2014). Priority setting in health: origins, description and application of the Australian Assessing CostEffectiveness initiative.Expert review of pharmacoeconomics outcomes research. Grol, R., Wensing, M., Eccles, M., Davis, D. (Eds.). (2013).Improving patient care: the implementation of change in health care. John Wiley Sons. Hou, X. Y., Rego, J., Service, M. (2013). Review article: paramedic education opportunities and challenges in Australia.Emergency Medicine Australasia,25(2), 114-119. Jamieson, L. M., Paradies, Y. C., Eades, S., Chong, A., Maple-Brown, L., Morris, P., Brown, A. (2012). Ten principles relevant to health research among Indigenous Australian populations.Medical Journal of Australia,197(1), 16. Lozano, R., Naghavi, M., Foreman, K., Lim, S., Shibuya, K., Aboyans, V., AlMazroa, M. A. (2013). Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.The Lancet,380(9859), 2095-2128. McInnes, E., Middleton, S., Gardner, G., Haines, M., Haertsch, M., Paul, C. L., Castaldi, P. (2012). A qualitative study of stakeholder views of the conditions for and outcomes of successful clinical networks.BMC health services research,12(1), 1. Nicholson, C., Jackson, C. L., Marley, J. E. (2014). Best-practice integrated health care governance: applying evidence to Australias health reform agenda.Med J Aust,201(3 Suppl), S64-S66. Northern NSW Local Health District (2013). Health Care Services Plan 2013-2018. Vol. I Vol.2. Retrieved from:https://nnswlhd.health.nsw.gov.au/about/northern-nsw-local-health-district/health-care-services-plan/ Northern Sydney Local Health District. (2016). Royal Northern Shore Hospital. Retrieved from https://www.nslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/Hospitals/RNSH NSW Ministry of Health (2016). The Guide to the Role Delineation of Clinical Services.Retrieved from:https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/services/Pages/role-delineation-of-clinical-services.aspx O'Connell, D. L., Goldsbury, D. E., Davidson, P., Girgis, A., Phillips, J. L., Piza, M., Ingham, J. M. (2014). Acute hospital-based services utilisation during the last year of life in New South Wales, Australia: methods for a population-based study. BMJ open, 4(3), e004455. Patterson, S., Cescon, A., Samji, H., Cui, Z., Yip, B., Lepik, K. J., Montaner, J. S. (2014). Cohort profile: HAART observational medical evaluation and research (HOMER) cohort. International journal of epidemiology, dyu046. South Eastern Sydney Local Health District (2013). South Eastern Sydney Local Health District Healthcare Services Plan 2012 2017 (p. 24). Retrieved from: https://www.seslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/HealthPlans/documents/FinalSESLHDHCSP2012-withrevisedcover.pdf State of Queensland (Queensland Health). (2015).Guide to health service planning (Version 3) (p.15-31). Retrieved from: https://www.health.qld.gov.au/publications/portal/health-services-planning/guideline-health-service-planning.pdf Sydney LHD (2013). Our Population Factsheet. As retrieved from: https://www.seslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/about_us/documents/FactSheet_SESLHD_Our_Population.pdf TAHPI (2014). International Health Facility Guidelines. Part S Health Service Planning.Version4.1.(p.32-34).Retrieved from: https://healthdesign.com.au/ihfg/Guidelines/Index/iHFG

Phobia Essays - Phobias, Specific Phobia, Social Anxiety Disorder

Phobia Phobia What is phobia? Phobia is described as an extreme, irrational fear of a specific object or situation. It is also classified as a type of anxiety disorder, since anxiety is the chief symptom experienced by the sufferer. Phobias are thought to be learned emotional responses. It is generally held that phobias occur when fear produced by an original threatening situation that is transferred to other similar situations, with the original fear often repressed or forgotten. An excessive, unreasoning fear of water, for example, may be based on a forgotten childhood experience of almost drowning. The person accordingly tries to avoid that situation in the future, a response that, while reducing anxiety in the short term, reinforces the person's association of the situation with the onset of anxiety. In today's society, everyone suffers from some type of phobia. They would fall into one of three categories: Agoraphobia, Social phobia, or specific phobia. The first category, Agoraphobia, the person suffers from irrational anxiety about being in places from which might be difficult or embarrassing. How many times have you been in a situation that made you feel uncomfortable or that you really did not want to even go because you felt under the weather? This shows that you might have this type of phobia. Social phobia is an irrational anxiety elicited by exposure to certain types of social or performance situations, also leading to avoidance behavior. Many people, in the world today, suffer from this phobia. Public speaking is the leading fear in today's society. People will go to the high extremes to get out of a speech or an event where they are the center of attention. How many times have you been nervous about giving a speech in front of your class? The last category is specific phobia. This phobia is a persistent and irrational fear in the presence of some specific stimulus which commonly elicits avoidance of that stimulus, i.e., withdrawal. This category also has many subtypes which include animal type, natural type, blood- injection- injury type, situational type, and other type. Some examples of these phobias would be: situational type is induced by a specific situation, such as public transportation, tunnels, bridges, elevators, flying, driving, or enclosed spaces. Another example would be other types. This is caused by such actions as choking, vomiting, or contracting an illness. It is easy to see that you could fit into one of those categories. In retrospect, there is a phobia for almost everything in the world today. Phobias can interfere with everyday normal activity and they cause you to be unable to concentrate and work or in some cases even function. English Essays

Llamar Conjugation in Spanish, Translation and Examples

Llamar Conjugation in Spanish, Translation and Examples The Spanish verb  llamar  means to call. It is a regular -ar verb, like buscar or parar. Below you can find tables for the conjugation of  llamar in the present, past and future indicative, the present and past subjunctive, as well as the imperative and other verb forms. Llamar Meaning The simple translation of llamar is to call, but depending on its usage, the meaning can vary slightly. For example, it can mean to call as in call someone to come to you,  La madre llamà ³ a los nià ±os para la cena  (The mother called the children for dinner), or it can mean to call on the phone,  El doctor llamà ³ a su paciente por telà ©fono  (The doctor called his patient on the phone). In addition, it can sometimes be used to say that someone is at the door, knocking or ringing,  Alguien llama a la puerta  (Someone is at the door). Another meaning of the verb  llamar  is to name something or someone. For example,  Cuando lo adoptamos, llamamos al perro  Popo  (When we adopted it, we named the dog Popo). It can also mean to call someone or something by a certain name, as in  Su nombre es Federico, pero lo llamamos Fede  (His name is Federico, but we call him Fede). Finally, llamar  can be used as a reflexive verb,  llamarse,  to talk about what someones name is. To say my name is Ana, you can say  Mi nombre es Ana,  but it is actually very common to say  Me llamo Ana  (I am called Ana). For this reason, some people get confused and think that  llamo  means name, but actually, when saying  me llamo  you are saying I am called. When using the verb in this way, remember to include the reflexive pronoun before the conjugated verb. One thing to keep in mind when using the verb  llamar  is how the double L is pronounced in Spanish. In English, the double L is pronounced just like you would pronounce a normal L. However, in Spanish when there are two Ls together, they make a sound much like the English Y (as in yam), or often it sounds like the English J (as in Jack). There is quite a bit of variation in the pronunciation of the Spanish Ll depending on where the Spanish speaker is from.  In some places of South America it even sounds like Sh (as in shark). Llamar Present Indicative Yo llamo I call Yo llamo a mi madre por telfono. T llamas You call T llamas al nio para cenar. Usted/l/ella llama You/he/she calls Ella llama a su abuela todas las semanas. Nosotros llamamos We call Nosotros llamamos a la puerta. Vosotros llamis You call Vosotros llamis profe a la profesora. Ustedes/ellos/ellas llaman You/they call Ellos llaman a los bomberos por el incendio. Llamar Preterite  Indicative In Spanish there are two forms of the past tense, the preterite and the imperfect. The preterite is used to talk about punctual events or events that have a defined ending in the past. Remember to include the accent mark on the last vowel of the  yo  and  usted/à ©l/ella  forms in the preterite. Yo llam I called Yo llam a mi madre por telfono. T llamaste You called T llamaste al nio para cenar. Usted/l/ella llam You/he/she called Ella llam a su abuela todas las semanas. Nosotros llamamos We called Nosotros llamamos a la puerta. Vosotros llamasteis You called Vosotros llamasteis profe a la profesora. Ustedes/ellos/ellas llamaron You/they called Ellos llamaron a los bomberos por el incendio. Llamar Imperfect  Indicative The imperfect tense is used to talk about background events, ongoing or habitual actions in the past. It can be translated to English as was calling or used to call.   Yo llamaba I used to call Yo llamaba a mi madre por telfono. T llamabas You used to call T llamabas al nio para cenar. Usted/l/ella llamaba You/he/she used to call Ella llamaba a su abuela todas las semanas. Nosotros llambamos We used to call Nosotros llambamos a la puerta. Vosotros llamabais You used to call Vosotros llamabais profe a la profesora. Ustedes/ellos/ellas llamaban You/they used to call Ellos llamaban a los bomberos por el incendio. Llamar Future  Indicative Yo llamar I will call Yo llamar a mi madre por telfono. T llamars You will call T llamars al nio para cenar. Usted/l/ella llamarn You/he/she will call Ella llamar a su abuela todas las semanas. Nosotros llamaremos We will call Nosotros llamaremos a la puerta. Vosotros llamaris You will call Vosotros llamaris profe a la profesora. Ustedes/ellos/ellas llamarn You/they will call Ellos llamarn a los bomberos por el incendio. Llamar Periphrastic Future  Indicative Yo voy a llamar I am going to call Yo voy a llamar a mi madre por telfono. T vas a llamar You are going to call T vas a llamar al nio para cenar. Usted/l/ella va a llamar You/he/she is going to call Ella va a llamar a su abuela todas las semanas. Nosotros vamos a llamar We are going to call Nosotros vamos a llamar a la puerta. Vosotros vais a llamar You are going to call Vosotros vais a llamar profe a la profesora. Ustedes/ellos/ellas van a llamar You/they are going to call Ellos van a llamar a los bomberos por el incendio. Llamar Conditional  Indicative The conditional  tense is used to talk about possibilities or conjectures, to talk about things that would happen. For example,  Si tuviera tiempo, llamarà ­a a mi amiga  (If I had time, I would call my friend). Note that the à ­ in the conditional endings always carries an accent mark. Yo llamara I would call Yo llamara a mi madre por telfono. T llamaras You would call T llamaras al nio para cenar. Usted/l/ella llamara You/he/she would call Ella llamara a su abuela todas las semanas. Nosotros llamaramos We would call Nosotros llamaramos a la puerta. Vosotros llamarais You would call Vosotros llamarais profe a la profesora. Ustedes/ellos/ellas llamaran You/they would call Ellos llamaran a los bomberos por el incendio. Llamar Present Progressive/Gerund Form In regular -ar verbs, you form the present participle or gerund  with the ending  -ando. This verb form is used for several purposes, such as to form the progressive tenses, like the present progressive. Present Progressive of Llamar est llamando she is calling Ella est llamando al nià ±o para cenar. Llamar Past Participle The past participle for  -ar  verbs is formed with the ending  -ado.  The past participle is used with an auxiliary verb to form compound tenses, such as the present perfect.   Present Perfect of  Llamar   ha llamado she has called Ella ha llamado a su abuela.   Llamar Present Subjunctive The subjunctive mood is used to talk about emotions, doubts, desires, possibilities, and other subjective situations. It is used in sentences with two clauses: the main clause contains a verb in the indicative mood, and the subordinate clause contains a verb in the subjunctive mood. Que yo llame That I call David quiere que yo llame a mi madre por telfono. Que t llames That you call Mara quiere que t llames al nio para cenar. Que usted/l/ella llame That you/he/she call Esteban quiere que ella llame a su abuela todas las semanas. Que nosotros llamemos That we call Carla quiere que nosotros llamemos a la puerta. Que vosotros llamis That you call Francisco quiere que vosotros llamis profe a la profesora. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas llamen That you/they call Diana quiere que ellos llamen a los bomberos por el incendio. Llamar Imperfect  Subjunctive The imperfect subjunctive is used similarly to the present subjunctive, but in situations that happened in the past. There are two options for conjugating the imperfect subjunctive, shown in the tables below. Option 1 Que yo llamara That I called David quera que yo llamara a mi madre por telfono. Que t llamaras That you called Mara quera que t llamaras al nio para cenar. Que usted/l/ella llamara That you/he/she called Esteban quera que ella llamara a su abuela todas las semanas. Que nosotros llamramos That we called Carla quera que nosotros llamramos a la puerta. Que vosotros llamarais That you called Francisco quera que vosotros llamarais profe a la profesora. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas llamaran That you/they called Diana quera que ellos llamaran a los bomberos por el incendio. Option 2 Que yo llamase That I called David quera que yo llamase a mi madre por telfono. Que t llamases That you called Mara quera que t llamases al nio para cenar. Que usted/l/ella llamase That you/he/she called Esteban quera que ella llamase a su abuela todas las semanas. Que nosotros llamsemos That we called Carla quera que nosotros llamsemos a la puerta. Que vosotros llamaseis That you called Francisco quera que vosotros llamaseis profe a la profesora. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas llamasen That you/they called Diana quera que ellos llamasen a los bomberos por el incendio. Llamar Imperative   The imperative mood is used to give direct orders or commands. There are forms for all the persons except for those to whom you cannot give a direct command (first person singular yo  and third person à ©l, ella,  ellos, ellas).  When giving a  negative command, add the adverb  no  before the command. Notice that the positive and negative commands are different for  tà ºÃ‚  and  vosotros. Positive Commands T llama Call! Llama al nio para cenar! Usted llame Call! Llame a su abuela todas las semanas! Nosotros llamemos Lets call! Llamemos a la puerta! Vosotros llamad Call! Llamad profe a la profesora! Ustedes llamen Call! Llamen a los bomberos! Negative Commands T no llames Dont call! No llames al nio para cenar! Usted no llame Dont call! No llame a su abuela todas las semanas! Nosotros no llamemos Lets not call! No llamemos a la puerta! Vosotros no llamis Dont call! No llamis profe a la profesora! Ustedes no llamen Dont call! No llamen a los bomberos!

Barack Obama - Announcement of Presidential Candidacy

Barack Obama Official Announcement of Candidacy for US President Delivered 10 February 2007, Springfield, Illinois You know, we all made this journey for a reason. Its humbling to see a crowd like this, but in my heart I know you didnt just come here for me. Youcame here because you believe in what this country can be. In the face of war, you believe there can be peace. In the face of despair, you believe there can be hope. In the face of a politics that shut you out, thats told you to settle, thats divided us for too long, you believe that we can be one people, reaching for whats possible, building that more perfect union. Thats the journey were on today. But let me tell you how I came to be here. As most of you know, Im not a native of this great state. I I moved to Illinois over two decades ago. I was a young man then, just a year out of college. I knew no one in Chicago when I arrived, was without money or family connections. But a group of churches had offered me a job as a community organizer for the grand sum of 13,000 dollars a year. And I accepted the job, sight unseen, motivated then by a single, simple, powerful idea: that I might play a small part in building a better America. My work took me to some of Chicagos poorest neighborhoods. I joined with pastors and lay-people to deal with communities that had been ravaged by plant closings. I saw that the problems people faced werent simply local in nature, that the decisions to close a steel mill was made by distant executives, that the lack of textbooks and computers in a school could be traced to skewed priorities of politicians a thousand miles away, and that when a child turns to violence I came to realize that theres a hole in that boys heart that no government alone can fill. It was in these neighborhoods that I received the best education that I ever had, and where I learned the meaning of my Christian faith. After three years of this work, I went to law school, because I wanted to understand how the law should work for those in need. I became a civil rights lawyer, and taught constitutional law, and after a time, I came to understand that our cherished rights of liberty and equality depend on the active participation of an awakened electorate. It was with these ideas in mind that I arrived in this capital city as a state Senator. It It was here, in Springfield, where I saw all that is America converge farmers and teachers, businessmen and laborers, all of them with a story to tell, all of them seeking a seat at the table, all of them clamoring to be heard. I made lasting friendships here, friends that I see here in the audience today. It was here It was here where we learned to disagree without being disagreeable; that its possible to compromise so long as you know those principles that can never be compromised; and that so long as were willing to listen to each other, we can assume the best in people instead of the worst. Thats why we were able to reform a death penalty system that was broken; thats why we were able to give health insurance to children in need; thats why we made the tax system right here in Springfield more fair and just for working families; and thats why we passed ethics reform that the cynics said could never, ever be passed. It was here, in Springfield, where North, South, East, and West come together that I was reminded of the essential decency of the American people where I came to believe that through this decency, we can build a more hopeful America. And that is why, in the shadow of the Old State Capitol, where Lincoln once called on a house divided to stand together, where common hopes and common dreams still live, I stand before you today to announce my candidacy for President of the United States of America. Now Now, listen, I I thank you, thank you, thank you, thank you. [to audience chanting Obama] Look, I Irecognize that there is a certain presumptuousness in this, a certain audacity, to this announcement. I know that I havent spent a lot of time learning the ways of Washington. But Ive been there long enough to know that the ways of Washington must change. The genius of our Founders is that they designed a system of government that can be changed. And we should take heart, because weve changed this country before. In the face of tyranny, a band of patriots brought an empire to its knees. In the face of secession, we unified a nation and set the captives free. In the face of Depression, we put people back to work and lifted millions out of poverty. We welcomed immigrants to our shores. We opened railroads to the west. We landed a man on the moon. And we heard a Kings call to let justice roll down like waters, and righteousness like a mighty stream. Weve done this before: Each and every time, a new generation has risen up and done whats needed to be done. Today we are called once more, and it is time for our generation to answer that call. For that is our unyielding faith that in in the face of impossible odds, people who love their country can change it. Thats what Abraham Lincoln understood. He had his doubts. He had his defeats. He had his skeptics. He had his setbacks. But through his will and his words, he moved a nation and helped free a people. Its because of the millions who rallied to his cause that were no longer divided, North and South, slave and free. Its because men and women of every race, from every walk of life, continued to march for freedom long after Lincoln was laid to rest, that today we have the chance to face the challenges of this millennium together, as one people as Americans. All of us know what those challenges are today: a war with no end, a dependence on oil that threatens our future, schools where too many children arent learning, and families struggling paycheck to paycheck despite working as hard as they can. We know the challenges. Weve heard them. Weve talked about them for years. Whats stopped us from meeting these challenges is not the absence of sound policies and sensible plans. Whats stopped us is the failure of leadership, the smallness the smallness of our politics the ease with which were distracted by the petty and trivial, our chronic avoidance of tough decisions, our preference for scoring cheap political points instead of rolling up our sleeves and building a working consensus to tackle the big problems of America. For the past six years weve been told that our mounting debts dont matter. Weve been told that the anxiety Americans feel about rising health care costs and stagnant wages are an illusion. Weve been told that climate change is a hoax. Weve been told that tough talk and an ill-conceived war can replace diplomacy, and strategy, and foresight. And when all else fails, when Katrina happens, or the death toll in Iraq mounts, weve been told that our crises are somebody elses fault. Were distracted from our real failures, and told to blame the other Party, or gay people, or immigrants. And as people have looked away in disillusionment and frustration, we know whats filled the void: the cynics, the lobbyists, the special interests whove turned our government into a game only they can afford to play. They write the checks and you get stuck with the bill. They get the access while you get to write a letter. They think they own this government, but were here today to take it back. The time for that kind of politics is over. It is through. Its time to turn the page right here and right now. Now look [Audience chants ObamaObamaObama] Okay. Alright. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Look, look, we have made some progress already. I was proud to help lead the fight in Congress that led to the most sweeping ethics reforms since Watergate. But Washington has a long way to go, and it wont be easy. Thats why well have to set priorities. Well have to make hard choices. And although government will play a crucial role in bringing about the changes that we need, more money and programs alone will not get us to where we need to go. Each of us, in our own lives, will have to accept responsibility for instilling an ethic of achievement in our children, for adapting to a more competitive economy, for strengthening our communities, and sharing some measure of sacrifice. So let us begin. Let us begin this hard work together. Let us transform this nation. Let us be the generation that reshapes our economy to compete in the digital age. Lets set high standards for our schools and give them the resources they need to succeed. Lets recruit a new army of teachers, and give them better pay and more support in exchange for more accountability. Lets make college more affordable, and lets invest in scientific research, and lets lay down broadband lines through the heart of inner cities and rural towns all across America. We can do that. And as our economy changes, lets be the generation that ensures our nations workers are sharing in our prosperity. Lets protect the hard-earned benefits their companies have promised. Lets make it possible for hardworking Americans to save for retirement. Lets allow our unions and their organizers to lift up this countrys middle-class again. We can do that. Lets be the generation that ends poverty in America. Every single person willing to work should be able to get job training that leads to a job, and earn a living wage that can pay the bills, and afford child care so their kids can have a safe place to go when they work. We can do this. And lets be the generation that finally, after all these years, tackles our health care crisis. We can control costs by focusing on prevention, by providing better treatment to the chronically ill, and using technology to cut the bureaucracy. Lets be the generation that says right here, right now: We will have universal health care in America by the end of the next Presidents first term. We can do that. Lets be the generation that finally frees America from the tyranny of oil. We can harness homegrown, alternative fuels like ethanol and spur the production of more fuel-efficient cars. We can set up a system for capping greenhouse gases. We can turn this crisis of global warming into a moment of opportunity for innovation, and job creation, and an incentive for businesses that will serve as a model for the world. Lets be the generation that makes future generations proud of what we did here. Most of all, lets be the generation that never forgets what happened on that September day and confront the terrorists with everything weve got. Politics doesnt have to divide us on this anymore; we can work together to keep our country safe. Ive worked with the Republican Senator Dick Lugar to pass a law that will secure and destroy some of the worlds deadliest weapons. We can work together to track down terrorists with a stronger military. We can tighten the net around their finances. We can improve our intelligence capabilities and finally get homeland security right. But lets also understand that ultimate victory against our enemies will only come by rebuilding our alliances and exporting those ideals that bring hope and opportunity to millions of people around the globe. We can do those things. But all of this cannot come to pass until we bring an end to this war in Iraq. Most of you know Most of you know that I opposed this war from the start. I thought it was a tragic mistake. Today we grieve for the families who have lost loved ones, the hearts that have been broken, and the young lives that could have been. America, it is time to start bringing our troops home. Its time Its time to admit that no amount of American lives can resolve the political disagreement that lies at the heart of someone elses civil war. Thats why I have a plan that will bring our combat troops home by March of 2008. Let the Iraqis know Letting the Iraqis know that we will not be there forever is our last, best hope to pressure the Sunni and Shia to come to the table and find peace. And theres one other thing that its not too late to get right about this war, and that is the homecoming of the men and women, our veterans, who have sacrificed the most. Let us honor their courage by providing the care they need and rebuilding the military they love. Let us be the generation that begins that work. I know there are those who dont believe we can do all these things. I understand the skepticism. After all, every four years, candidates from both Parties make similar promises, and I expect this year will be no different. All of us running for President will travel around the country offering ten-point plans and making grand speeches; all of us will trumpet those qualities we believe make us uniquely qualified to lead this country. But too many times, after the election is over, and the confetti is swept away, all those promises fade from memory, and the lobbyists and special interests move in, and people turn away, disappointed as before, left to struggle on their own. Thats why this campaign cant only be about me. It must be about us. It must be about what we can do together. This campaign must be the occasion, the vehicle, of your hopes, and your dreams. It will take your time, your energy, and your advice to push us forward when were doing right, and let us know when were not. This campaign has to be about reclaiming the meaning of citizenship, restoring our sense of common purpose, and realizing that few obstacles can withstand the power of millions of voices calling for change. By ourselves, this change will not happen. Divided, we are bound to fail. But the life of a tall, gangly, self-made Springfield lawyer tells us that a different future is possible. He tells us that there is power in words. He tells us that theres power in conviction. That beneath all the differences of race and region, faith and station, we are one people. He tells us that theres power in hope. As Lincoln organized the forces arrayed against slavery, he was heard to say this: Of strange, discordant, and even hostile elements, we gathered from the four winds, and formed and fought to battle through. ¹ That is our purpose here today. That is why I am in this race not just to hold an office, but to gather with you to transform a nation. I want I want to win that next battle for justice and opportunity. I want to win that next battle for better schools, and better jobs, and better health care for all. I want us to take up the unfinished business of perfecting our union, and building a better America. And if you will join with me in this improbable quest, if you feel destiny calling, and see as I see, the future of endless possibility stretching out before us; if you sense, as I sense, that the time is now to shake off our slumber, and slough off our fears, and make good on the debt we owe past and future generations, then I am ready to take up the cause, and march with you, and work with you today. Together we can finish the work that needs to be done, and usher in a new birth of freedom on this Earth. Thank you very much everybody lets get to work! I love you. Thank you. Hello Springfield! Look at all of you. Look at all of you. Goodness. Thank you so much. Thank you so much. Giving all praise and honor to God for bringing us here today. Thank you so much. I am I am so grateful to see all of you. You guys are still cheering back there? [to audience on left.] Let me Let me begin by saying thanks to all you whove traveled, from far and wide, to brave the cold today. I know its a little chilly but Im fired up.

London City Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

London City - Essay Example With such a prominent position in Western history, there are endless articulations of the city. This essay examines Ackroyd’s (2003) London: A Biography and Hunter’s (2006) Persons Unknown; / Life and Death in Hackney in terms of the way they present the city as reality, experience, and practice. Ackroyd’s (2003) London: A Biography presents an expensive exploration of the city of London. As this texts offers considerable insights into the nature and meanings of the city’s reality, it’s necessary to consider a number of particular themes. While traditional biographies oftentimes explicate specific historical events, or notable occurrences in a person’s life, Ackroyd’s account captures many of the instances of London life that would otherwise go undetected. This multidimensional approach can be witnessed in Ackroyd’s exploration of linguistic elements of speech in the city. He writes, â€Å"London speech has been variously descr ibed both as harsh and as soft, but the predominant characteristic is that of slackness† (Ackroyd 2003, p. 347). Ackroyd then extends this consideration to involve the means that London speech experienced broad patterns of change; for instance, during the fourteenth century the East Saxon voice of London was displaced by verbal elements from the Central and East Midlands. While Ackroyd’s account of this linguistic sentiment is undoubtedly biased by his personal opinion, it functions to contribute to the recognition of the city as a living entity that has evolved through major shifts in time. The presentation of this city in this context creates a reality of the London experience as something monumental. While Ackroyd’s consideration of London as a living entity is prominently demonstrated in the evolution of linguistic elements, there are other means that articulates these elements of reality, experience, and practice. As Ackroyd considers London as evolving a la nguage of slackness, he additionally considers the city as shaped and reflecting more naturalistic elements. Perhaps nowhere is this better witnessed than in his consideration of the ocean as shaping and informing London reality and experience. Ackroyd (2003, p.6) writes, â€Å"There was once a music-hall song entitled 'Why Can't We Have the Sea in London?', but the question is redundant; the site of the capital, fifty million years before, was covered by great waters. The waters have not wholly departed, even yet, and there is evidence of their life in the weathered stones of London.† While the specific historical consideration here is the actual linkage between London and its pre-historic past, more significantly Ackroyd is drawing a deep-rooted linkage to the city experience as emanating from its natural surroundings. In addition to the influence of the Ocean, Ackroyd considers elements such as birds, remnants of early civilizations, and the clay that can become mud. Ackro yd links these elements to literary references in Dickens and other historical perspectives. The cumulative impact of such notions of the city further enhances the theme of the city as a living entity and its monumentality. While Ackroyd’s text considered London as a living entity with a monumental reality, Hunter’s photography series captures Londoners’ lived experience. The contrast between these depictions depends on the portions of the articulations the reader or viewer chooses to emphasize. Hunter’s ‘Persons Unknown’ series present a minimalist portrait of individuals living in London. The main aesthetic quality of these images is precisely rooted in the isolation of the people and the quirky, yet somber ambience of their surroundings. For instance, one photograph ‘

ADHD Facts and Myths Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

ADHD Facts and Myths - Research Paper Example A larger proportion of the findings categorizes the aspects of ADHP as of inattention category and the remaining claims the presence of hyperactivity-impulsivity in the behavior a child. A number of symptoms are identified from the basic reflective features for the easy identification of the child’s conducts that basically result the inferior learning process and overall behavioral disorder that distinguishes an ADHD affected child from his peer equals. Ever since the researches began, there have been many assumptions and findings about the reasons and consequences of ADHD; however, most of such conflicting opinions have greatly contributed in having the studies a myths-and-facts image. Diagnosis for the ADHD is no easy after the child grows older, because the significance of the preexisting disorders may not be exhibited in its routine activities related to study, work or relationships. Many scientists and psychologists are of the view that the issue that runs through the fam ily which develops in the later stages of brain development. Since it is the most largely identified disorder in child behavior, researchers have explored the causes and risk factors involved in AHDH and assessed that a number of problems like depression, insomnia and learning impairments as part of it. They suggest that an early consultation with a doctor for ADHS suspected children for their rescue from further development of behavioral and health issues that may seriously damage the personality of the child in the future. Some studies say that â€Å"the adolescent and adult populations with ADHD also demonstrate significantly different profiles from those of their normally achieving peers† (Gregg & Deshler, 23).† The symptoms present in the suspected cases are mainly the visible comprehensive disorder, laziness in learning, severe impatience in the classroom, higher level demonstration of energy while playing, constant nature of interrupting the speech etc. Although this problem is easily ignored by the teachers and parents as a stage of growth, many teenagers feel depressed during the period of abstinence from attentiveness of their respective listeners of their ideas. Observers are of the opinion that â€Å"it is very important for adolescent to feel that they have been listened to and understood and that their opinions have been taken seriously, because in the past their ideas may have often been discounted by adults† (Robin, 506). There are several tests for identifying the affected cases. The American Academy of Pediatricians (AAP) has advised that the children below 7 years of age be observed with the indicative symptoms for over six months and for the older children, parent-teacher interviews, IQ and psychological testing and other forms of competitive mental and developmental examinations (â€Å"Attention deficit hyperactivity..) Though this problem can be addressed and managed with medication and behavior therapy by experts in this field. From the parental angle, the child should be guaranteed enough sleep and praise for good behavior. Experts warn that any negligence in treating the ADHD affected children may take them to a more complicated life style in the future such as alcoholism, academic failure, inconsistent job preferences and acute disgust towards the law. Moreover, the height of degree of impulsive behavior may cause them severe damage in the peer relationship. There has been a lot of conflicting information developed from the evaluation of such identified issues of ADHD related problems. The factors contributing to such an intellectual debate

Study plan finished version Essay Example for Free

Study plan finished version Essay I was born over 24 years ago in Guangzhou, China. After graduating from high school I then proceeded to East Los Angeles College where I got an Associate degree in Business Administration. I later moved to California State Polytechnic University Pomona where I got a B. S. degree in Finance in August 2007. After graduating from Cal Poly Pomona, I went back to my hometown Guangzhou. I’m presently working as a human resources assistant at XXX College, Guangzhou, China, where I help research and evaluated management practices, I also engaged in various training and development programs, leadership principles and employee relations. My human resource assistant job also made me responsible for recruiting procedures, screening of candidates, coordinating interviews. Reason for Pursuing a Master degree Most of my coworkers got master degree, except me and their English are great too, most passed English at sixth level exam in China. Sometimes, I receive headhunting company call about some positions which are meant for my supervisor in international companies. The headhunting calls are meant to request for information about my boss’s. I have realize that China is a place with a lot of talented people, they have higher education and also very smart. There is increase in competitions among our youth, Hence an advanced education is necessary for me to succeed in this ever dynamic world. Secondly, China’s economic growth is rapid these years. I found that Chinese Corporations have large size of accounting department, Operation Department, Technical Department and Marketing Department, but they do not have appropriate size of Human Resources Department. The status is totally different in US. When I was studying in US, I did a lot of research program about the large Corporation in US, I then discover that the director of human resources may supervise several departments, each headed by an experienced manager who most likely specializes in one human resources activity, such as employment and placement; compensation, and benefits; training and development; or labor relations. As the global marketplace and rapidly-evolving technology are creating a new and more competitive business environment, I believe that professional human resources management is an increasing vital area in China. Therefore I decided to get my master degree. Why US When I plan to further my education, there are many places I can choose. There are three places in my decision, Hong Kong, Australia and US. I made some comparison here: Advantage Disadvantage Hong Kong Nearly my family and I can meet and take care of my parents easily. HK university require high GPA, my GPA is low. Hong Kong’s mother language is Cantonese; it is not a good environment to improve English. Australia Easy to apply a University and get a visa there. Good English Environment. There is few National University in Australia. They follow British education system. And tuition is expensive. USA Most mature and advanced education. I got my bachelor degree in US; I adapt the US education system. The tuition is expensive and very hard to get a student visa. After prolonged meditation, and communication with my parents, I made a decision to go back to US get the master degree. Study Plan I plan to study Master Degree in Human resource Management at Golden Gate University which last for one and a half year. Because I understand that my low GPA in undergraduate has weaken my application. But I strongly believe that Golden Gate University has high quality graduate program for me, and reasonable tuition. They gave me the foundation and in-depth training, what I needed for the contemporary marketplace as a human resource or personnel manager. They have dynamic classes and laboratories where you discuss theory and practice from real-life situations and problems. The Master of Science degree in Human Resource Management requires completion of 33 units in the graduate program. Each course listed carries three semester units of credit. The foundation program I took in undergraduate University can be waived 6 units. I still have 27 units to finish. I plan to take 12 units each semester, therefore I think I can finish the program in one and a half year. Financial Supporter I started working a couple of months ago, I do not have enough money, but my mum will support my tuition. She is working at a famous, well paid company in China and also she is a superintendent, she has enough money to support my education. Also she believes now it is the best time to go out to further education, because she will retire in 5 years time. At that time if I need her support, she said she might not have enough money to give me. Returning After I accomplish my studies in US, I will go back to China. Personally, I am an extremely miss-home girl; I enjoy staying with my parents and family eating and drinking every week in Guangzhou. I remember when I was studying in US, I used to talk to my parents on the phone everyday. Furthermore, I believe in the developmental potentials of Human resource in China, after I graduated I think there are more opportunity waiting for me.

Slavery and The Corruption of Southern Belles in The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas :: essays research papers

â€Å"But alas! This is kind heart but had but a short time remain such. The fatal poison of irresponsible power was already in her hands, and soon commenced its infernal work. That cheerful eye, under the influences of slavery, soon became red with rage, that voice, made all of sweet accord, changed to one of harsh and horrid discord, and that angelic face gave place to that of a demon.† (Douglas 19) This is how Frederick Douglas describes the change in his former mistress, Sophia Auld, as slavery corrupted her whole way of life. From this excerpt we can see that people can change profoundly for the negative. The question is what could possess one to change so radically when given power over another human being. Prior to the mistress’ change, Frederick Douglas, author of The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas (1995) describes her as â€Å"a woman of the kindest heart and finest feelings.† (19) This brings us to one of Douglas’ motifs of how slavery can carry a fatal poison that if one possess’ can change their outsight to life. This poison affects some people more then others. For example, if one compares all of Douglas’ slave owners, it is easy to see that those born into a slave holding family are less likely to become as cruel as those marrying into that way of life. Auld did not convert to an evil lifestyle overnight, in fact, she was the key to Frederick Douglas’ education. Auld was a religious woman and often read from the bible aloud, when little Douglas asked her to teach him to read she did not object. After some time Douglas had learned the alphabet and a few short words but soon all that would end when Mr. Auld discovered the unlawful lessons taking place in his house. Furious, Mr. Auld forbade his wife to teach Douglas anymore on account of believing that learning â€Å"would make him [Douglas] discontented, unmanageable, and unhappy.† (20) From then on instead of seeing Douglas as a person Sophia Auld saw him as a piece of property, Was it Mrs. Auld that changed herself or was it the pressure from her husband to learn the slaveholding techniques? It’s possible that she was afraid of her husband to the point where she was scared to disobey him, yet it was not her fault that she was not aware of the laws against the teaching of slaves.

Public Transportation Vs Private Transportation

Nowadays people from all over the world are suffering from the air pollution. One of the reasons of such situation is the constantly increasing car usage. Are we able to do something in order to encourage people not to use private cars or to use them less? To be honest, there are only several things we can do. Among them is propaganda of the risks caused by the private cars usage. We can provide people with the main benefits they can get by using public transport and make the transportation prices more affordable.First of all, advertisement is a very powerful â€Å"weapon†. Many people can remember the ad they saw several years ago. Advertisement has a very strong effect. It can impress people, influence their thoughts and even change them. Of course, it is impossible to encourage all people from all over the world to use public transport only. But still a certain number of people will definitely give up using cars and will give preferences to the public transport as time goes by.Moreover, we can also provide people with the benefits they can get from usage of public transport. For example, it is possible to provide those people who use public transport with the 20% discount when they need to buy something. Also, it is possible to implement special cards that will be some kinds of an opportunity to change bus to train for free. As a final point, let’s take a look at one more thing we can provide people with in order to encourage them to use public transport. It would be advisable to make the public transportation prices lower.Let’s suppose that you pay 40$ per month to drive your own car. If you give preference to the public transport, it will cost 20$ per month. What would you pick as the method of transportation? Sorry to say that it may be quite hard to set the price of 20$ for public transport, as transportation companies may be against such fee’s reduction. But if it happens one day, a great number of people would give up their cars and prefer public transport in order to prevent congestion and air pollution. I’m 100% sure that all the ways†¦ Public Transportation Vs Private Transportation Nowadays people from all over the world are suffering from the air pollution. One of the reasons of such situation is the constantly increasing car usage. Are we able to do something in order to encourage people not to use private cars or to use them less? To be honest, there are only several things we can do. Among them is propaganda of the risks caused by the private cars usage. We can provide people with the main benefits they can get by using public transport and make the transportation prices more affordable.First of all, advertisement is a very powerful â€Å"weapon†. Many people can remember the ad they saw several years ago. Advertisement has a very strong effect. It can impress people, influence their thoughts and even change them. Of course, it is impossible to encourage all people from all over the world to use public transport only. But still a certain number of people will definitely give up using cars and will give preferences to the public transport as time goes by.Moreover, we can also provide people with the benefits they can get from usage of public transport. For example, it is possible to provide those people who use public transport with the 20% discount when they need to buy something. Also, it is possible to implement special cards that will be some kinds of an opportunity to change bus to train for free. As a final point, let’s take a look at one more thing we can provide people with in order to encourage them to use public transport. It would be advisable to make the public transportation prices lower.Let’s suppose that you pay 40$ per month to drive your own car. If you give preference to the public transport, it will cost 20$ per month. What would you pick as the method of transportation? Sorry to say that it may be quite hard to set the price of 20$ for public transport, as transportation companies may be against such fee’s reduction. But if it happens one day, a great number of people would give up their cars and prefer public transport in order to prevent congestion and air pollution. I’m 100% sure that all the ways†¦

Home Made Candles

Homemade Candle Materials: Matches Cotton Oil Salt Glass container Procedure: Step1: Put a salt in the container Step2: Put a little oil in the container Step3: History of Candles Candles have cast a light on man's progress for centuries. However, there is very little known about the origin of candles. Although it is often written that the first candles were developed by the Ancient Egyptians who used rush lights, or torches, made by soaking the pithy core of reeds in molten tallow, the rush lights had no wick like a candle.It is the Romans who are credited with developing the wick candle, using it to aid travellers at dark and lighting homes and places of worship at night. Like the early Egyptians, the Roman's relied on tallow, gathered from cattle or sheep suet, as the principal ingredient of candles. It was not until the Middle Ages when beeswax, a substance secreted by honey bees to make their honeycombs, was introduced. Beeswax candles were a marked improvement over those made w ith tallow, for they did not produce a smoky flame, or emit an acrid odor when burned.Instead, beeswax candles burned pure and clean. However, they were expensive, and, therefore, only the wealthy could afford them. Colonial women offered America's first contribution to candle making when they discovered that boiling the greyish green berries of bayberry bushes produced a sweet-smelling wax that burned clean. However, extracting the wax from the bayberries was extremely tedious. As a result, the popularity of bayberry candles soon diminished.The growth of the whaling industry in the late 18th century brought the first major change in candle making since the middle Ages, when spermaceti, a wax obtained by crystallizing sperm whale oil, became available in quantity. Like beeswax, the spermaceti wax did not elicit a repugnant odor when burned. Furthermore, spermaceti wax was found harder than both tallow and beeswax. It did not soften or bend in the summer heat. Historians note that th e first â€Å"standard candles† were made from spermaceti wax.It was during the 19th century when most major developments affecting contemporary candle making occurred. In 1834, inventor Joseph Morgan introduced a machine which allowed continuous production of moulded candles by the use of a cylinder which featured a movable piston that ejected candles as they solidified. Further developments in candlemaking occurred in 1850 with the production of paraffin wax made from oil and coal shales. Processed by distilling the residues left after crude petroleum was refined, the bluish-white wax was found to burn cleanly, and with no unpleasant odor.Of greatest significance was its cost – paraffin wax was more economical to produce than any preceding candle fuel developed. And while paraffin's low melting point may have posed a threat to its popularity, the discovery of stearic acid solved this problem. Hard and durable, stearic acid was being produced in quantity by the end of the 19th century. By this period, most candles being manufactured consisted of paraffin and stearic acid. With the introduction of the light bulb in 1879, candlemaking declined until the turn of the century when a renewed popularity for candles emerged.Candle manufacturing was further enhanced during the first half of the 20th century through the growth of U. S. oil and meatpacking industries. With the increase of crude oil and meat production, also came an increase in the by-products that are the basic ingredients of contemporary candles paraffin and stearic acid. No longer man's major source of light, candles continue to grow in popularity and use. Today, candles symbolize celebration, mark romance, define ceremony, and accent decor — continuing to cast a warm glow for all to enjoy. Candle Use & SafetyHow are candles made? While modern candle-making processes vary, most candles are made through the timeless process of placing a cotton wick into wax which is then molded, di pped, extruded, pressed, rolled, drawn or filled into a desired shape and size. What is the best way to store candles? Candles should be stored in a cool, dark, dry place and, for tapers, in a flat position to prevent warping. When stored properly, candles can be enjoyed for years and play an important role in traditions. Does the industry have standards for candles?Domestic candle manufacturers have a long tradition of making high quality, long-lasting and safe candles. National Candle Association members – manufacturers and suppliers – are working with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) to implement voluntary standards for candles. Are candles safe to use? Candles are safe when burned properly and responsibly, and according to manufacturers’ directions. When burning candles, consumers should always follow these simple, common sense steps: †¢never leave a burning candle unattended keep candles out of the reach of children and pets †¢trim wicks prior to each use and keep trimmed †¢keep candles away from drafts, vents and flammable objects †¢extinguish a candle that smokes (check instructions before re-lighting) †¢extinguish candle when ? † of wax remains in a container †¢use only candle holders that have been manufactured for use with candles †¢keep matches and other debris out of the candle †¢Extinguish the flame if it burns too close to the container or holder do not move a glass container when the wax is liquid.

San Marino - Information and Geography

San Marino - Information and Geography Population: 31,817 (July 2011 estimate)Capital: San MarinoBordering Countries: ItalyArea: 23 square miles (61 sq km)Highest Point: Monte Titano at 2,477 feet (755 m)Lowest Point: Torrente Ausa at 180 feet (55 m)San Marino is a small country located on the Italian Peninsula. It is completely surrounded by Italy and has an area of just 23 square miles (61 sq km) and a population of 31,817 people (July 2011 estimate). Its capital is the City of San Marino but its largest city is Dogana. San Marino is known as being the oldest independent constitutional republic in the world.History of San MarinoIt is believed that San Marino was founded in 301 C.E. by Marinus the Dalmatian, a Christian stonesman, when he fled the island of Arbe and hid on Monte Titano (U.S. Department of State). Marinus fled Arbe to escape the anti-Christian Roman Emperor Diocletian (U.S. Department of State). Shortly after he arrived at Monte Titano he founded a small Christian community that was later became a republi c called the Land of San Marino in honor of Marinus. Initially the government of San Marino consisted of an assembly made up of the heads of each family residing in the area. This assembly was known as the Arengo. This lasted until 1243 when the Captains Regent became joint heads of state. In addition, the original area of San Marino only included that of Monte Titano. In 1463 however San Marino joined an association that was against Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta, Lord of Rimini. The association later defeated Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta and Pope Pius II Piccolomini gave San Marino the towns of Fiorentino, Montegiardino and Serravalle (U.S. Department of State). In addition, Faetano also joined the republic in the same year and its area expanded to a total of its current 23 square miles (61 sq km).San Marino has been invaded twice throughout its history - once in 1503 by Cesare Borgia and once in 1739 by Cardinal Alberoni. Borgias occupation of San Marino ended with his death several months after its occupation. Alberonis ended after the Pope restored the republics independence, which it has maintained ever since. Government of San MarinoToday the Republic of San Marino is considered a republic with an executive branch consisting of co-chiefs of state and a head of government. It also has a unicameral Grand and General Council for its legislative branch and a Council of Twelve for its judicial branch. San Marino is divided into nine municipalities for local administration and it joined the United Nations in 1992.Economics and Land Use in San MarinoSan Marinos economy is mainly focused on tourism and the banking industry, but it relies on imports from Italy for most of its citizens food supplies. The other main industries of San Marino are textiles, electronics, ceramics, cement and wine (CIA World Factbook). In addition agriculture takes place on limited level and the main products of that industry are wheat, grapes, corn, olives, cattle, pigs, horses, beef and hides (CIA World Factbook).Geography and Climate of San MarinoSan Marino is located in southern Europe on the Italian Peninsula. Its a rea consists of a landlocked enclave that is entirely surrounded by Italy. San Marinos topography mainly consists of rugged mountains and its highest elevation is Monte Titano at 2,477 feet (755 m). The lowest point in San Marino is Torrente Ausa at 180 feet (55 m).The climate of San Marino is Mediterranean and as such it has mild or cool winters and warm to hot summers. Most of San Marinos precipitation also falls during its winter months.To learn more about San Marino, visit the Geography and Maps section on San Marino on this website.ReferencesCentral Intelligence Agency. (16 August 2011). CIA - The World Factbook - San Marino. Retrieved from: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sm.htmlInfoplease.com. (n.d.). San Marino: History, Geography, Government, and Culture- Infoplease.com. Retrieved from: infoplease.com/ipa/A0107939.htmlUnited States Department of State. (13 June 2011). San Marino. Retrieved from: state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5387.htmWikipedia.org. (18 August 2011). San Marino - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_marino

The Arguments For and Against Giving Sentencing Discounts Where There Essay

The Arguments For and Against Giving Sentencing Discounts Where There is a Guilty Plea - Essay Example Other arguments against sentencing discounts include the dangers of innocent defendant’s pleading guilty out of fear that he or she might be convicted at trial and receive the maximum penalty. It has also been argued, that the practice of permitting a reduced sentence in exchange for a guilty plea is an inducement which is essentially a violation of procedural justice. 4 This paper provides a critical analysis of arguments for and against sentencing discounts in exchange for a guilty plea. After weighing both sides of the argument, this research study agrees that the practice of awarding a reduction in sentencing when a defendant enters a guilty plea should be retained. This paper is divided into three parts. The first part of this paper provides an overview of the practice of sentencing discounting when a defendant pleads guilty. ... However, a common theme in practice is the fact that a number of factors influence the magnitude of the discount. Some of the most common factors is the time when the guilty plea is entered and the â€Å"extent to which the plea spared vulnerable witnesses† the necessity of having to testify. 6 In England and Wales, defendants who plead guilty early on can expect a sentence discount of up to 30 per cent. However, defendants who plead guilty at the start of the trial can expect to receive a smaller discount. The usual discount for a guilty plea at the beginning of a trial is no more than 10 per cent.7 It would therefore appear that the sentencing discounts practice operates as a reward for pleading guilty and foregoing formal adjudication. Although no actual negotiation of sentence is conducted with the judge, the defendant essentially foregoes the right to a formal adjudication in exchange for a reduced sentence.8 Sentencing discounts are not automatic however. For instance in Landy, the Court of Appeal held that a sentence discount is not guaranteed where a defendant who pleads guilty has been â€Å"caught red-handed† or the evidence against the defendant is overwhelming.9 However, the Court of Appeals ruling appears to contradict the main premise for awarding a discount in exchange for a guilty plea: the efficient administration of justice as it allows the courts to dispense with a case more quickly and turn its attention to other cases.10 Regardless of whether a defendant is caught red-handed or not or the evidence against him or her is overwhelming, the defendant is entitled to a trial. By pleading guilty, the defendant is waiving his/her right to a fair trial and is freeing the court’s calendar

Final Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Final - Essay Example For various American Tribes and other indigenous group, the key point is coping with changing environment conditions. The main objective of all various forms tribal American Indian leaders is â€Å"to encounter the contest head-on, probing for plans to manage rising seas, melting ice and unstable populations of plants, animals and fish. Another key fact associated with their adaptation process is tackling changing social and economic culture. The job patter and living style is changing constantly in the USA. The people of America, especially American Indian are facing challenges associated with â€Å"With better health and longevity, lower birth rates, and the ageing of baby boomers, the world is seeing a major change in demographic trends. The process of adaptation can be more elaborately discuss in light of Abbott (1999) article- Alcohol and the Anishinaabeg of Minnesota in the Early Twentieth Century. The article discuss about the changing pattern of the drinking style of the In dian American in the country from Nineteenth century till date. In the seventeenth century, well before the discovery of alcohol pathology, Indian American was passionately attached to drinking. In the Nineteenth century the pattern changed slightly as they get addicted to strong drinks rather than regular and large volume of drinking (Abbott, 1999, pp. 25-26).In the earlier stage the trade of Alcohol was carried out against food and other important staff which slowly started to change. Slowly the pattern started to change as the American Indian started to use this as a gift in occasion and often resemble the same with the mother milk. In the areas such as Anishinaabe, drinking was a major incident among the people but soon they forced the pattern that they used to follow. There was a distinct difference in the pattern of drinking of the people in that area, those who used to live near the border or trading

Tolerance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Tolerance - Essay Example Thus, this paper helps to provide an insight into the marginalised Muslim society or community within America on the basis of how they have tagged themselves to be the ‘other’ community in the midst of a diverse cultural background. America has a diverse society full of individuals who need to be respected for who they are. In the recent past, the Muslim community was barred from constructing a Mosque near Ground Zero where the Twin Towers had once stood only because of the allegation that it was their religion that had brought about harm on the rest of American society by the bombings. However, this is a false accusation because people need to be tolerated no matter what religion they follow; others need to understand that just because they follow the same religion as the terrorists did, they are not part of the same way of thinking or way of life. Americans as such are losing out on their tolerance levels towards accepting other people within their society. They fear l osing out on their individual identities. However, they need to understand that accepting and tolerating other people will only expand their culture and further give others a chance to experience the same. All of this has made the Muslims in America want to tag themselves as different people with different priorities, living a life away from pure bred Americans. Despite being born and brought up in America, they do not feel at home because of the treatment that they are given by Americans. At the end of the day, everyone is a human being and thus there arises no question of a superiority complex that many people live with. It is imperative for every man to be tolerant towards another’s dreams and ideas as well because everyone has certain desires that they want to fulfil. According to a research conducted, Muslim Americans themselves support neither of these assumptions of posing a threat to American society. â€Å"Interviews with 3,627 Muslim Americans in 2001 and 2004 by t he Georgetown University Muslims in the American Public Square (MAPS) project and 1,050 Muslim Americans in 2007 by the Pew Research Center show that Muslim Americans are diverse, well-integrated, and largely mainstream in their attitudes, values, and behaviors.† (Read, Jen’an) Tolerance should stop stepping in only when one’s needs and wants conflict and do not coincide with another’s to a reserved extent; this means that when people start hampering each other’s lives then others should stop being tolerant towards them. It is obvious that one will not be tolerant towards terrorists, however, other Muslims around the world have not done any harm to anyone in a personal or derogatory manner and thus it does not make sense to bar them from building their mosque. Thus, why does the question of them staying away from the rest of society come in? A number of Americans feel that Muslims are foreigners, ethnically, culturally and politically monolithic in nature, oppress women, are home grown terrorists and want to incorporate the sharia law in the US. (Rauf, Feisal Abdul) However these notions are completely untrue and mythical because Muslims follow the laws of their own land according to their own free will and the modern Muslim only wants acceptance into society and does not believe in imposing his ideas upon others. Similarly, there are a number of prevailing issues in society today where it is not acceptable for

Knowledge Management in Supply Chain Management Essay

Knowledge Management in Supply Chain Management - Essay Example The research provided efficient solutions to the problems and including the integrating system and providing effective IT solutions in the supply chain management. It also provided some recommendations to the major problems of KM in the company. The implementation plan revealed the type of knowledge and resource required in the KM project. The conclusion provided a summary in brief the main discussion on the topic under study. Knowledge Management in Supply Chain Management in Dell Company Introduction Knowledge management has become an emerging key issue in many organizations. Dell Company, which is an American conglomerate computer technology, is among the industries that incorporate knowledge management in the supply chain management process. The corporation has more than 103,300 workers worldwide, and it is among the leading technology industries. The company engages in design, development, manufacturing and marketing or distributing of diverse computer services globally. The emp loy corporate responsibility and business model of culture, compliance and credibility in order to achieve effective performance. Increased technology advancement has forced many organizations to employ effective methods; thus, use of knowledge management in many organizations has become the significant aspect. Knowledge management (KM) is a strategic tool or framework employed  to design, represent and distribute as well as enable adoption of experiences in business process. KM in supply management has become the leading area of concern and managerial challenges. For instance, the supply chain management has become one of the key areas that utilize knowledge management in order to achieve a competitive advantage. KM is increasing as a significant business asset in the supply chain management. However, Dell Company face varied challenges of incorporating knowledge management in the supply chain management process. Dell’s operates its business across the product line includi ng desktop computers, network services, computer notebooks and storage products. The company owner, Michael Dell established the business based on the sidestepping dealer concept. The company started selling  personal computer products straight to clients; thus evading the issue of delay and outlays of supply chain issues. Better financial performance contributed to its successful implementation of using direct sales model. However, despite the recent industrial growth, the company faces varied challenges. The foremost problem is increased technology changes; thus holding inventories an immense liability. Therefore, the organization employs knowledge management in supply management in order to design, manufacture, market and delivers computer products effectively across the globe. The company manages KM through aligning the organizational strategies and employs logistics as well as provides IT solutions effective for managing knowledge. Problem Identification and Analysis Increase d technology changes have become the main concerning the issue in the company’s supply chain management. Technology changes are significant because it enables the company to design or employ new business strategies that can enable them improve business performance (Dwivedi and Butcher (2009, p.123). Dell Company  is among

The role of women in the engineering profession

The role of women in the engineering profession Women have been categorised as inferior to men and as a result are assigned the position of minors in both public and private sectors of life (National Gender Policy Framework, 2003). Additionally, most women arguably accept secondary roles without hesitation (Mathur-Helm, 2005: 63).. Education at school level is only part of the battle to recruit more women into the construction industry. Male builders need to accept women in the building workplace (Thompson, 1996: online). There is a relationship between higher education and the employment choices of women (Phaahla, 2000). Women tend to congregate in areas considered traditional outlets for female employment. Female staff and students are typically drawn to faculties such as the humanities, education and the social sciences. Generally women do not make up large numbers in technology and applied science areas of study. Consequently, the jobs available to women are limited for social and economic reasons. The position of women is fur ther exacerbated by the fact that gender in South Africa is also racially and culturally segmented, creating inequalities that are race-bound. White and Black women have extremely different levels of experiences regarding job and development opportunities (Mathur-Helm, 2005: 67). Women encounter pervasive gender issues in their chosen careers which require specific strategies to deal with them (Phaahla, 2000). In particular, they need to contend with gender role stereotyping which believes that a set of traits and abilities is more likely to be found among one sex than the other (Schein, 1978: 259 Typically young people start contemplating their career choices at approximately the age of 16 or in their last years of high school. Gender-based career stereotyping makes it particularly difficult for young girls to establish their own career choices or to diverge from the career choices dictated by their parents. A sense of isolation is another reason for high defections, with women having little chance of meeting other women working in constructionThis chapter, will be a review of the primary information or the literature which has been written about challenges facing women, it will start by reviewing some literature on the skills shortages in South Africa and more specifically in the engineering sector, then women and work in South Africa and in general on the aspect of the glass ceiling. This chapter will also review literature on male dominated or traditional career. Skills shortages South Africa is experiencing a major shortage in skills in the engineering field, and the entry of women in this field is helping in trying to reduce skills shortages. There have been many changes in the pattern of work of women, more and women are now working outside the home. Some of the reasons that a sense of isolation is another reason for high defections, with women having little chance of meeting other women working in engineering, education at school level is only part of the battle to recruit more women into the engineering industry have been given as to try and explain why women work are: social changes and the changes in public attitudes towards women that have encouraged women to enter the job market (White et al, 1998). An overview of women and work All around the world, there is an increasing concern for gender equity and equality in the family and society for the benefit of children, men and women. Women have in the past contributed to different areas of economic and social life, for example, they are farmers, entrepreneurs, traders, homemakers etc and yet they share unequally in the fruits of their labour. Women constitute a large percentage of the worlds poor and continue to suffer disadvantage in education, health and employment (UN Report on the Advancement of Women, 1995). Nowadays, many more women are found in the workplace, in politics and more are getting educated than ever before. While women have advanced more rapidly in some societies than others, almost everywhere womens concerns are still accorded second priority and they continually face both subtle and flagrant discrimination (Hinson, R; Otieku, J; Amidu, M 2006). Women and work in South Africa Women are still regarded as secondary to men in South African business culture (Mathur-Helm,2005: 63). There is a view that women do not show leadership potential and behave differently from traditional male leaders (Mathur-Helm, 2004; Guppy Rick, 1994). According to Johnson (1999), they are emotional and cannot shoulder responsibilities. What women do is rarely defined as leadership, given that masculinity is an implicit construct of leadership (Kloot, 2004: 472). The South African definition of gender equality is guided by a vision of human rights which incorporates acceptance of the equal and inalienable rights of all men and women (Kornegay, 2000). Indeed, the rights of women need to be viewed as human rights. Equality is specified and enshrined in the Bill of Rights of the South African Constitution (South Africa, 1996). Section 9(3) of the Constitution provides that no one may unfairly discriminate directly or indirectly against anyone on any grounds such as, for example, race , gender and culture. This prohibition on discrimination forms an integral part of processes to achieve social justice in South Africa. Gender equality, therefore, requires that the underlying causes of discrimination be systematically identified and removed in order to give women and men equal opportunities in every sphere of life: In short, the economic integration of women, which comes only when market barriers are lowered and women are given an equal chance to attain decent work, remains a necessity for economic development and a worthy goal in its own right (ILO, 2008: 4). In South African society women historically faced the burden of unpaid household labour in addition to income-generating work. A rigid and uncompromising organisation of working hours and environment prevented them from performing well, considering that they needed to take time off for childcare and other family responsibilities (Ellison, 2001; Wilson, 1998). Often these demands reduced their chances of full- time paid employment. In addition, in terms of the South African Employment Equity Act of 1998, labour market discrimination arises when employers make decisions about employees for reasons that are not related to genuine work requirements (South Africa, 1998). Discrimination is most obvious when an employer focuses on irrelevant personal characteristics instead of work performance or merit. As a result women in many organisations have to work extra well and hard to gain any prospect of promotion. Unfortunately women have not been benefiting Acta Structilia 2009: 16(2) 50 from government policies and legislation to advance their careers (Mathur-Helm, 2005: 58). There is, therefore, no correlation between policy and practice. In South Africa, they have since put in place constitutional and employment legislation to try and eliminate direct discrimination; it is now against the law to discriminate on grounds of gender. But there are insufficient checks, resources and sanctions in place to enforce these provisions (www.mywage.co.za/main/women-and-work). The following are some of the characteristics of women working in South Africa face: Lower levels of pay in sectors which mainly employ women, Women traditionally work in welfare, such as care (nurses, social workers, etc.). Such jobs are less well paid than work, say, in production of goods and financial services (www.mywage.co.za/main/women-and-work). Jobs in sectors where both men and women do the same kind of work are valued differently. Here, too, there is no objective reason for the difference in pay, If women do work of equal value to that of men and still receive lower pay, this means that the employer simply is putting value on the chair and not on the person sitting on it (www.mywage.co.za/main/women-and-work). At the same time the characteristics associated with traditionally male jobs (leadership, technical insight, and heavy physical work) are over-valued. These very often subconscious valuations have to be overcome by making people aware of them and then act differently. In general it may be said that too low a value is placed on characteristics associated with women, e.g. social skills, physical and emotional care, concentration. (www.mywage.co.za/main/women-and-work) Barriers to Womens Advancement (glass ceiling) Morrison (1992) describes several organizational barriers which constitute the glass ceiling in organizations. These include; 1. Non-supportive working environments 2. Differences being treated as weakness 3. Exclusion from group activities 4. Lack of organizational insider knowledge While many women insist that the glass ceiling is a real barrier to accessing male-dominated positions in business, many challengers say that it exists mostly because women choose to focus more of their time on family and, in the end, cannot dedicate as much time to their career. Others claim that women think they want to focus on their career, but in reality choose family over career. A 2005 report, reports that 43% of highly qualified, educated women with children left their jobs voluntarily at some stage of their careers. Although 93% wanted to return to their careers, only 74% did so and only 40% went back to a full time position. Of those women who wanted to return to work, only five percent desired to return to the position they had left. (http://www.wisegeek.com) Non-Traditional jobs or male dominated careers Non-Traditional jobs and careers are ones that have traditionally been held by men. The Department of Labour classifies jobs as non-traditional when women are less than 25% of the workforce in that field. Non-Traditional Fields include: Detective, Architect, Barber, Machinist, Computer and Office Machine Repairer, Fire Fighter, Chef, Railroad Conductor, Construction and Building Inspectorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (http://www.womenwork.org). Benefits offered in non-traditional careers. Non-traditional careers offer women many benefits that traditionally female careers do not have, these include the following: Higher Pay Women in non-traditional careers generally make 20-30% more money than women in traditional careers, Opportunity for Advancement Non-traditional careers often have career paths that allow women to quickly move up the ranks, Better Benefits Packages Women in non-traditional careers generally have better benefits packages, including health care, vacation and sick leave, pension/retirement plans and life insurance, Expanding Job Availability Non-traditional careers are generally in fields that are growing, thus there are many new jobs and positions being created, (http://www.womenwork.org.) Challenges facing women in non-traditional careers Women are facing challenges in the non-traditional, though there are many resources and support programs to help women overcome these difficulties, some of the common problems encountered by women are as follows: Discrimination or Harassment Many women face discrimination and/or harassment in a non-traditional workplace, Hazardous Environments Non-traditional careers can be in hazardous conditions for example in the mines or engineering, Family and Friends May Not Be Supportive Many women find that their family and friends are not as supportive as they could be about their new career choices, Isolation With few other women in the non-traditional workplace, many women feel isolated and lonely in their careers. Again, women can find supportive networks and groups with other women experiencing the same situations and environments, Transportation and Child Care Difficulties Some non-traditional jobs are at odd times and sites. This can make transportation and child care difficult to find and maintain. Some of the strategies to deal with these challenges Young females who are in male dominated careers can try to alleviate the changes which face them at work, by having personal board of directors which can be a group of four to five people. Members of ones board can be mentors, peers, friends, or colleagues. These individuals will support you and are willing and able to help you get where you want to go, you should cultivate many developmental relationships instead of searching for one perfect mentor. Your personal board of directors is a group of four to five people, hand picked by you to be your own fan club. Members of your board can be mentors, peers, friends, or colleagues. These individuals can support them and help them get where you want to go. There is great power in the support the younger females receive from women facing similar challenges, the benefits include: Knowledge that youre not alone Concrete suggestions and helpful guidance A forum in which to share your thoughts and feelings with others who can relate One can build personal board of directors by following the following steps: the first step is to reach out to other women for support. Too many female professionals are afraid to ask women in their field for assistance and guidance. However, what most women do not know is that most accomplished women want to help others like them succeed. By developing these mutually relationships it can help one to create an alliances which is essential to a long and successful career. (http://www.eurekalert.org) Stereotype of engineers puts women off the job http://www.hrmguide.co.uk/diversity/engineering.htm March 10 2006 Classic stereotypes of engineers as men who are brilliant at and passionate about technology, but not very good at dealing with people, do not reflect real engineers and their work, according to Dr Wendy Faulkner from the University of Edinburgh. Moreover, such stereotypes are hampering efforts to recruit women into the engineering profession. According to Dr Faulkner, who interviewed and observed 66 male and female engineers from a range of industries,: Women and men engineers alike get excited about technology even though fewer of the women have a tinkerer background. There are gadget girls as well as boys and their toys in engineering. At the same time, many different types of men and women enjoy engineering work very few fit the classic stereotype. Wendy Faulkner adds: In practice, engineering encompasses a wide variety of jobs and roles. It is a broad church with room for a diverse range of people. Yet the image of engineering and often the culture remains a narrowly technical, nuts and bolts one. Retention is as important as recruitment many of those women who do complete engineering degrees dont go onto engineering jobs or leave the industry after only a few years, says Dr Faulkner. Part of the issue is that women who enter engineering have to become one of the lads in order to fit in. Many subtle aspects of the culture, which may appear trivial individually, when taken as a whole have a dripping tap effect making it harder for women to belong, and get on in engineering. Her study shows details how the topics engineers talk about, as well as their style of humour and the social activities they engage in, reflect mens interests and ways of bonding. Women are left on the margins of this male society, finding it difficult to break into the inner circles that carry influence on how the job gets done and who gets promoted. By contrast, engineering workplace cultures accommodate a range of men laddish blokes, family men, pranksters, macho men, nerdy men, urbane men, genteel men and so they are likely to feel comfortable to the great majority of men, says Wendy Faulkner. If more women are to stay and progress in engineering workplaces, there is a strong business case for employers to introduce sustained and sensitive diversity training, to raise awareness of these kind of issues and to nurture more inclusive workplace cultures in which everyone is comfortable, says Dr Faulkner. Engineering A Male Dominated Profession Coming from the first year engineering program at UBC, I couldnt help but notice how male dominated the program was. I recall sitting in my Physics 153 class and being able to pick out the number of women on one hand. I began to question as to why engineering is associated with males more than females. Is it course difficulty? Interests? Or simply stereotypes? Ive transferred schools and am now in my first year(yes, again) in Mechatronics Engineering program at SFU Surrey and Im still observing the same thing a larger male population in engineering. I decided to sit down with Rebecca, a first year Tech One student who plans to go into Mechatronics, and asked her a couple questions regarding my observation. Me: Hi, Rebecca. Thanks for taking time out of your busy schedule to talk to me. Rebecca: No problem, I had an hour break anyways. Me: So, what program are you in right now? Rebecca: TechOne right now, but I plan to go to Mechatronics Engineering if I get the grades after. Me: Good for you. What got you interested in engineering in general? Rebecca: Well, I really enjoy math. I also like problem solving and working in teams. Its always nice working with other people and getting everyones ideas together. After all, two heads are better than one! Me: Very true! Is there anything else besides that? Rebecca: Actually, my parents kinda pushed me to choose something right away. Mechatronics seemed to be the only interesting career path for me. It is a little weird though. Me: What is? Rebecca: I dont know if you notice but there arent that many girls in engineering Me: You took the words right out of my mouth! I noticed the same thing. How do you feel about that? Rebecca: I dont feel out of place or anything. Just because Im a girl doesnt mean Im not fit to be an engineer. It can be a little intimidating, though. Prior to choosing Mechatronics, I never wouldve expected this many guys in my class. Me: Why do you think there are so many guys in engineering? Rebecca: Well, I think its labeled as a males job. Typically, you see the majority of engineerings being guys. Thats basically it. Its stereotypical. Me: So does this change your willingness to stay in Mechatronics? Rebecca: Not at all. It is easy however, to question whether youre in the right program or not but for me, I dont think I would question it because there are so many guys compared to girls, but because I dont know if its something I can see myself doing in the future. Me: Well, thanks for answering some of my questions, Rebecca. Ill let you get back to your studies. Rebecca: No problem. Ive got a lot of math to catch up on. After speaking to Rebecca, I couldnt help but get a little bit of a better understanding about women in engineering. I dont think it matters to her, or to other women, that a mans job should only be meant for a man. At the same time, I dont find that women do it to prove to men and society the famous saying, Anything you can do, I can do better. When choosing a career path, its important to think about what youre interested in and whether you see yourself succeeding in that field. You can compare this same idea to male nurses. It is stereotypical to see a nurse as a female job but today, I see more and more men becoming nurses. In fact, a buddy of mine is studying to become one as we speak. Engineering is a challenging career path for anyone, male or female. Before making a career decision, it is important to block out any stereotypes that may come along with that profession. I strongly believe that people choose career paths to prove to themselves, and only themselves, that they can do anything they put their mind I. Introduction Attracting Women into Engineering a Case Study Malgorzata  S.  Zywno,  Member,  IEEE,  Kimberley  A.  Gilbride,   Peter  D.  Hiscocks,   Judith  K.  Waalen,   and Diane  C.  Kennedy,  Member,  IEEE   http://ewh.ieee.org/soc/es/Nov1999/10/BEGIN.HTM The economic well-being of Canada and the development of its technological base depends to a great extent on the effective employment of engineers. With the predicted shortage of engineers by the year 2000, employers cannot be satisfied with anything less than the very best engineers available, regardless of their gender [1], [2]. Statistics Canada figures released in April 1998 show that women make up only 12 % of 407,130 university grads in the science and technology fields, and only seven per cent of the 588,400 community college grads. Although women represent 55% of all undergraduate students in Canadian Universities, only 21% are enrolled in engineering programs. Furthermore, the percentage of women among practicing engineers in Canada is still very low, less than 5% [2]. For example, in 1998 only 3030 out of 61,340 (i.e. 4.9%) Professional Engineers registered in the Province of Ontario were women. Under-representation of women persists despite the fact that there are no diffe rences in academic ability between men and women and that men and women initially pursue engineering for similar reasons [3]. A. Enrollments in Engineering in Ontario Over the past decade the number of women in engineering undergraduate programs in the province of Ontario has been steadily increasing, but women are still significantly under represented in the applied science and engineering programs. While the climate for women in engineering has improved in recent years, misconceptions about engineering, lack of encouragement, peer pressure and other factors still act as barriers preventing more women to pursue a career in this non-traditional field. Trends in enrollment in engineering schools are shown in Figures 1,2 and 3 [4]. Fig. 1. Number of Men Studying Engineering at Ontario Universities. As shown in Figure 1, the number of male students in engineering has been declining since 1992. This is reflected in all the engineering disciplines. Fig. 2. Number of Women Studying Engineering at Ontario Universities. In contrast, the number of women students in engineering has been increasing, although their actual number remains much smaller than that of their male counterparts, as shown in Figure 2. The female enrollment in engineering programs in Ontario over a five year period has increased from 13% in 1992-93 to 18.5% in 1996-97 school year. Fig. 3. Percentage of Women Studying Engineering at Ontario Universities by Discipline. Figure 3 presents the percentage of women students in engineering by discipline. This graph shows a steady decrease in Aeronautical and Industrial Engineering enrollment since 1993. It has been suggested that women are moving from Industrial to Systems engineering, but the reason for the decrease in Aeronautical engineering is not known. It is interesting to observe that the total percentage of women students in engineering continues to increase, although the total number of women students has recently shown the same down turn as men. It has been suggested that initiatives to encourage women to study engineering will soon become unnecessary because the numbers are increasing so rapidly. This would be welcome news if it were true, but in fact the gains of women in the profession are not large and are not well established yet. Although the participation of women in engineering has increased every year since 1974 (when the first statistics were recorded), when only 2.9% of full time engineering students were women, the engineering profession has not been successful in attracting women in large numbers [5]. At about 18%, the percentage of women undergraduate students in engineering in Ontario is still well below the participation rates of women studying for other professions such as law, medicine, pharmacology or veterinary science. Women practicing engineers account for only about 5% of the profession. While women have made progress in the profession, they still encounter unacceptable attitudes and behaviours, as wel l as the glass ceiling [2]. B. Why More Women Dont Become Engineers There are a number of factors that tend to divert women away from engineering as a career: Streaming, or the Leaky Pipe Syndrome: Women are diverted from math and science courses early in their high school careers. It has been argued [6] that this is associated with issues of competition, isolation, lack of female role models and not of lack of academic ability. Systemic obstacles [1] include: cultural influences and gender stereotyping at home and in school, peer pressure and images in the media. Perception of Difficulty: Engineering is thought to be extremely difficult. Combined with the prevailing myth that women are poor at mathematics, women tend to choose something perceived as more achievable. Exposure: Women do not have as many engineer role models as for other careers such as business, medicine or law. There are few women science high school teachers, women in science textbooks and among university engineering faculty in 1995, only 5.5% were women [7]. Lack of Knowledge About Engineering: Engineering is perceived as a technical, often solitary pursuit, in which one works with machines rather than people. Career options in engineering are not well known by most adults, let alone teenagers, and are not well represented in high school curricula or through career guidance counseling. This affects girls disproportionately, as they typically have less access to information about engineering outside the school environment. Hobbies: Encouraged by parents and peers, boys engage in mechanically oriented hobbies, which prepare them better for the practical aspects of engineering. Social Status of the Profession: In North America, the profession of engineering derives from the skilled trades of Britain, and therefore may be associated with the working class. This is in contrast to the European tradition of engineering, where it has always been regarded as a profession allied to the sciences. Notice the difference between the derivation of the English word engineer (associated with engines) and the French word ingenieur(associated with ingenuity or invention). Thus engineering has a tradition of higher social status in the New World countries such as Venezuela, deriving their traditions from continental Europe, as opposed to British-influenced Canada. This is implicitly understood by parents who are considering professional careers for their daughters 4 Barriers to Womens Advancement in the Accounting Profession Morrison (1992) describes several organizational barriers which constitute the glass ceiling in organizations. These include; 1. Non-supportive working environments 2. Differences being treated as weakness 3. Exclusion from group activities 4. Lack of organizational insider knowledge Non-supportive working environments Many women in business are becoming increasing aware and indeed disillusioned with what they perceive as a lack of support in their work environments. The working environment is determined by the culture within a particular organization, namely the systems of shared values which create the behavioural norms. There are seven types of gender-related organizational culture, each of which in its own way contributes to a non-supportive work environment. The gentleman club reinforces the notion that the womans role as mother and homemaker and the mans role as breadwinner are natural and preordained; the barrack yard is an authoritarian culture where power delivers respects and as women rarely have senior status their interest are ignores; locker room is an exclusion culture, where men build relationships on the basis of common agreements and common assumptions and may frequently talk about sport and make sexual references to confirm their heterosexuality; the gender blind pretends that women live the same lives as men; the smart macho is driven by extreme competitiveness and is very much geared to the young and childless; the paying lip-service type of culture espouses equal opportunities policies but does little to assist practically in the development of Gender Behaviour 595 women employees: and the women as gate-keepers type of culture means that often the main resistance to women managers comes from other women who are less career-oriented or are wives of senior staff. 5 Differences treated as weaknesses The Institute of Management (1992) has identified the dominance of male culture in its many manifestations as the crucial barrier for women in business to overcome It is the prevalence and power of this culture, perceived as the norm, that lead directly to differences being regarded as weakness and hence to women being perceived successful managers to possess characteristics, attitude and temperaments more commonly ascribed to men and although female managers and management students no longer sex-type the managerial job, the concept of a scientific, rational and detached male manager still persists, as being the ideal to which one should aspire. This obviously presents problems for women in managerial roles because they will frequently be considered by male colleagues and subordinates as not fitting the mould, of being an outsider because of the gender, and they will constantly be measured against the male managerial stereotype as shown in the outline. Masculine and feminine stereotype Masculine Stereotype à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Competence à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Very aggressive à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Very independent à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Almost always hides emotions à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Very objective à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Note all easily influenced à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Very dominant à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Distance/inexpressiveness à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Uses harsh language à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Not at all talkative à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Very rough à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Not at all aware of feeling of others Feminine Stereotype à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Incompetence à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Not at all aggressive à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Not at all independent à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Does not hide emotions at all à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Very subjective à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Very easily influenced à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Very submissive à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Warmth/expressiveness à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Does not use harsh language at all à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Very talkative à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Very gentle à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Very award of feeling of others Source: White (1995) Hinson, R.; Otieku, J.; Amidu, M: Exploratory Study of Women in Ghana 596 6 Exclusion from group activities One of the problems resulting from the assumptions made about womens role in the workplace is that women are frequently excluded from group activities within those organizations where a strong male culture predominates. These activities may be business-related, for example, considering a female colleague too irrational to be involved in the development of a strategic plan, or too emotional to make a