The War in Vietnam Essays (1721 words) - Vietnam War, Southeast Asia

The War in Vietnam Direct U.S. military interest in The Vietnam War, the country's longest, cost fifty-8,000 American lives. Just the Civil War and the two universal wars were deadlier for Americans. During the time of Vietnam starting in 1964, the U.S Treasury spent over $140 billion on the war, enough cash to finance urban reestablishment extends in each significant American city. In spite of these huge expenses and their going with open and private injury for the American individuals, the United States fizzled, without precedent for its history, to accomplish its expressed war points. The objective was to save a different, free, noncommunist government in South Vietnam, yet after April 1975, the socialist Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) controlled the whole country. The underlying explanations behind U.S. inclusion in Vietnam appeared to be sensible and convincing to American pioneers. Following its accomplishment in World War II, the United States confronted the future with a feeling of good i ntegrity and material certainty. From Washington's point of view, the vital danger to U.S. security and world harmony was solid, oppressive socialism exuding from he Soviet Union. Any socialist anyplace, at home or abroad, was, by definition, and foe of the United States. Drawing a similarity with the ineffective mollification of fundamentalist tyrants before World War II, the Truman organization accepted that any indication of socialist hostility must be met rapidly and commandingly by the United States and its partners. This receptive arrangement was known as regulation. In Vietnam the objective of regulation was Ho Chi Minh and the Vietminh front he had made in 1941. Ho and his main lieutenants were socialists with long-standing associations with the Soviet Union. They were likewise enthusiastic Vietnamese patriots who battled first to free their nation of the Japanese and afterward, after 1945, to keep France from restoring its previous frontier authority over Vietnam and the remainder of Indochina. Harry S. Truman and other American pioneers, having no compassion toward French expansionism, supported Vietnamese autonomy. Be that as it may, extending socialist control of Eastern Europe and the triumph of the socialists in China's considerate was caused France's war against Ho to appear to be an anticommunist as opposed to a colonialist exertion. At the point when France consented to a quansi-autonomous Vietnam under Emperor Bao Dai as an option in contrast to Ho's DRV, the United States chose to help the French position. The American origination of Vietnam as a virus war battleground to a great extent disregarded the battle for social equity and national power happening inside the nation. American consideration concentrated essentially on Europe and on Asia past Vietnam. Help to France in Indochina was a renumeration for French collaboration with America's arrangements for the safeguard of Europe through the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. After China turned into a socialist state in 1949, the dependability of Japan was the fate of principal significance to Washington, and Japanese improvement expected access to the business sectors and crude materials of Southeast Asia. The flare-up of war in Korea in 1950 served basically to affirm Washington's conviction that socialist animosity represented an incredible peril to Asia . Resulting charges that Truman had lost China and had made due with an impasse in Korea made succeeding presidents dread the household political outcomes in the event that they lost Vietnam. This trepida tion, an overestimation of American force, and an underestimation of Vietnamese socialist quality bolted all organizations from 1950 through the 1960s into a firm anticommunist remain in Vietnam. Since American arrangement producers neglected to welcome the measure of exertion that would be required to apply effect on Vietnam's political and social structure, the course of American approach prompted a consistent heightening of U.S. contribution. President Dwight D. Eisenhower expanded the degree of helper to the French yet kept on keeping away from military mediation, in any event, when the French encountered an overwhelming destruction at Dien Bien Phu in the spring of 1954. Following that fight, a worldwide gathering at Geneva, Switzerland, orchestrated a truce and accommodated a North-South segment of Vietnam until decisions could be held. The United States was not involved with the Geneva Agreements and started to encourage the production of a Vietnamese system in South Vietnam' s dictatorial president Ngo Dinh Diem, who ousted Bao Dai in October 1955, opposed holding a political decision on the reunification of Vietnam. In spite of over

6 To-Do List Styles to Get Your Life in Order

6 To-Do List Styles to Get Your Life all together Do you consider making a plan for the day unusually overwhelming? In the event that you’re one of those individuals who don’t normally keep an eye on the daily agenda, you may require a little assistance or motivation to kick you off. Here are the absolute best layouts, alternatives, and styles for you to try.The Old School ListGo the straightforward course and basically handwrite your rundown. On the off chance that you get an irregular idea and aren’t close to your PC, simply write it down! You can generally add it to an all the more cutting edge list later on. You may discover this technique less diverting when you’re in a working depression. In the event that you make some hard memories conceptualizing how to arrange your rundown, there are huge amounts of printable formats in .doc or PDF. Simply print ‘em out and fill ‘em in!Bullet JournalingEverybody’s discussing Bullet journaling. Find out about this new method, depicted as  "a adaptable and excusing association system†-an across the board â€Å"to-do list, sketchbook, note pad, and diary.† It causes you keep your rundowns reasonable in size and shield things from overpowering you while ensuring a greater amount of them really complete. So go to the site and see whether the Kool-Aid is directly for you!Breaking It DownSet yourself one major objective for the afternoon, at that point break it into noteworthy lumps. The littler errands will feel more sensible than the bigger objective, and you’ll discover you work on them rapidly. When you gather speed, you’ll be shocked at how quick you take out your definitive objective and consider that day a success.Use Your CloudUse the cloud schedule work as of now on your PC or your telephone. They’ll combine easily so you can refresh from either gadget and have your daily agenda with you consistently. What's more, it can assist you with picturing how much time you have for each po rtion of your day. Evaluate the Google â€Å"Goals† highlight alongside this technique for your drawn out list of things to get of goals.Prioritize Your TasksCheck out Wunderlist, Todosit, or iDoneThis, or the a large number of applications like them, to sort your to-dos by need level. You’ll additionally procure reward â€Å"points† for each undertaking finished, which is sufficiently enjoyable to cause you to feel great about yourself. On the off chance that you need a variant with less extravagant accessories, attempt Template.net which sorts your errands into sections like â€Å"to do, to get, to call,† and so forth. Or on the other hand TidyForms, which lets you plan out two entire days rather than one.Do It For CupcakesNo, truly, that’s the name of the layout. Configuration Eat Repeat made a lovable week after week sorting out layout called DO IT FOR THE CUPCAKES that lets you recognize six objectives for every day. On the off chance that you finish every one of your errands in that week, you get cupcakes! All things considered, you’re emphatically urged to get them.

Strategic Framework Abells Framework for Strategic Planning

Strategic Framework Abells Framework for Strategic Planning WHAT IS THE ABELL MATRIX?The Abell matrix is a three dimensional tool most often is referred to as the three dimensional business definition model. The model is used to analyze the scope of operation for a business. This may include areas such as the technologies and products a business operates in a market or the audience that it targets. A detailed analysis of the business’s current activities can help create strategies for the future that will help the business stay tuned to the changes that may occur within the market.The three dimensions of the business are the customer groups (who will be served by the business), customer needs (what are the customer needs that will be met) and technology or distinctive competencies (how are these needs going to be met). A major point of importance in this matrix is to focus on understanding the customer rather than the industry and its products and services. Through these three dimensions, this tool helps define a business by its competitive scope (narrow or broad) and the extent of competitive differentiation of its products/services.UNDERSTANDING THE MATRIXAbell described the strategic planning process as the starting principle for an organization’s business. This process in turn is driven by the mission statement which provides direction, focus and the basis for strategies to be further elaborated and driven down. Abell used three key questions as the three dimensions on his model and these are the foundation for the formulation of the mission statement itself.What are the customers of the organization?How can the organization meet the needs of its customers?What techniques are employed by the organization to meet these customer needs?When plotted on a three dimensional model, the horizontal axis is taken as the customer groups, the vertical axis as their buying needs and the inclined axis is taken as the applied technologies. Taken together, a summarized version of the organization’s business model can be viewe d in one glance.This overview helps provide the company with a quick glance at the factors most important to the development of a marketing concept. The framework can be optimized by sorting the different factors that make up all three dimensions by their relative importance for the company. The most important factors should be closest to the 0 axis and should be given the highest priority and will be immediately visible to the company.The Three DimensionsCustomer Needs: This leg of the model identifies and lists down all the customer needs that are relevant to the company in question. Customer needs are identified based on the product offering and a link is made to customer benefits. As an example, a software developer who has studied customer needs in relation to their product will respond by providing easy to install software packages and may provide other useful options such as an anti-virus, a software cleanup option as well as manuals and tech support.Technologies: Unlike the name suggests, the word technologies is taken here in a broader context to describe all those technologies that are used to create a product as well as put in on the market. Issues here include things as diverse as the marketing campaign being use or the way market research must be conducted. Taking our software example further, the manufacturer will used the latest technologies in the product itself as well as proving a helpdesk which provides the best possible and most relevant information.Customer Groups: There would be no market without customers purchasing products on offer. This is why marketing is all about the buyers. It is vital for every organization to understand how to segment the market and which segments to target in order to successfully sell a product to them. Once the market has been segmented, the company needs to work toward acquiring as much knowledge as possible about the different target groups and offer specific products or campaigns to these segments. Our sof tware manufacturer may choose to serve both business and customers and will need a separate strategy and account managers for its B2B and B2C lines of business.HistoryFamous for his business definition model, Dr. Derek F Abell is the Professor Emeritus and co-founder of the European School of Management and Technology, established in Berlin, Germany. In 2012, he was also appointed the international dean at HSM Eduacao in Sao Paulo, Brazil. His work has been published as books and academic journal articles. He writes about strategic marketing, general management, leadership and executive responsibilities.Dr. Abell obtained a bachelor’s degree in aeronautical engineering from the University of Southampton in 1960 before moving to the United Stated and pursuing a master’s degree in Industrial Management from MIT’s Sloan School of Management in 1966. He followed this with a doctorate in business administration from the Harvard Business School in 1970. He then served as the full ti me member of the Harvard Business School faculty until 1981. His other academic positions have included Insead in France and International Institute of Management Development in Switzerland among others.LimitationsThere is a strict marketing emphasis within the Abell model, which limits the framework from being widely used and as a key approach used to define competitive strategies for a business. In addition, there is no room to accommodate external factors such as governments and other regulating bodies. The three dimensional model also makes the analysis more complex than a two dimensional one. There is only a provision for abstract growth directions and the model does not provide support to determine the appropriate size and scale of the business.Tools for Building the ModelGiven the relative complexity of this model because of the three dimensions, users may find is easy to access one of the many available tools to help build their own framework. One of these is:Abell Model Cre ator FreeHOW TO APPLY ABELL’S FRAMEWORK TO YOUR BUSINESSPractical Use TipsTo begin implementing this model, it is first important to understand the dimensions and the entire model space. The three-dimensional space of the cube is the business scope of the company. The model helps identify what the company has been doing and also helps create a conceptual framework to identify opportunities for the future. Some key questions to help create this model for your company include:What are the current customer groups/Segments that we are serving?What needs are we meeting for these customers?What features or uses of our products are fulfilling these needs?Are there new customer groups with similar needs that are not being served?Can there be other uses of the product to fulfill other needs?Are there other technologies that need to be utilized to serve the needs of existing customers?Reflecting on the Three DimensionsThe matrix is built to question the business model along three dimensions Who?Here, the idea is to completely identify and understand customer profiles of those segments being served. Once the segments are identified, work can be done to retain the segments that are most relevant. Segments can be individual customers, business customers, geographical location, sedentary or nomadic, role in the industry, social professional category, purchasing power or level of education among others.What?In this dimension, the objective is to identify the needs of the consumer that are met by the product. This is done by identifying and characterizing the solution (the product or service) in terms of its features that it brings to the customer segments identified in the “who” category. These features may include improved effectiveness or efficiency, better risk management, greater well-being among others.How?At this stage, those means are identified and characterized through which the highlighted features are manufactured and delivered to customers. These means or te chnology include manufacturing techniques such as a choice of technical processes or a specific form of organization, distribution techniques such as home delivery, retailers, wholesalers, and large distribution and provision technologies such as user license, remote operation among others.ApplicationsThe matrix can be used in a number of ways by an organization. Some of these uses include:Defining the business scope at three business levels including the corporate level, the business level and the lower organizational levelsDescribing and communicating changes in the business definition. These changes may usually be a result of the company’s offering moving through the product life cycleDescribing and communicating the business of any competitors in the market. This definition can be extremely helpful to the organization to better understand who they are up againstAnalyzing the growth opportunities for a business in a systematic and organized way which can help keep a track of th ese and implement at the right timesDescribing and communicating the evolution of marketsEXAMPLE In this article, we will look at 1) what is the Abell Matrix?, 2) understanding the matrix, 3) how to apply Abell’s framework to your business, and 3) an example.WHAT IS THE ABELL MATRIX?The Abell matrix is a three dimensional tool most often is referred to as the three dimensional business definition model. The model is used to analyze the scope of operation for a business. This may include areas such as the technologies and products a business operates in a market or the audience that it targets. A detailed analysis of the business’s current activities can help create strategies for the future that will help the business stay tuned to the changes that may occur within the market.The three dimensions of the business are the customer groups (who will be served by the business), customer needs (what are the customer needs that will be met) and technology or distinctive competencies (how are these needs going to be met). A major point of importance in this matrix is to focus on und erstanding the customer rather than the industry and its products and services. Through these three dimensions, this tool helps define a business by its competitive scope (narrow or broad) and the extent of competitive differentiation of its products/services.UNDERSTANDING THE MATRIXAbell described the strategic planning process as the starting principle for an organization’s business. This process in turn is driven by the mission statement which provides direction, focus and the basis for strategies to be further elaborated and driven down. Abell used three key questions as the three dimensions on his model and these are the foundation for the formulation of the mission statement itself.What are the customers of the organization?How can the organization meet the needs of its customers?What techniques are employed by the organization to meet these customer needs?When plotted on a three dimensional model, the horizontal axis is taken as the customer groups, the vertical axis as the ir buying needs and the inclined axis is taken as the applied technologies. Taken together, a summarized version of the organization’s business model can be viewed in one glance.This overview helps provide the company with a quick glance at the factors most important to the development of a marketing concept. The framework can be optimized by sorting the different factors that make up all three dimensions by their relative importance for the company. The most important factors should be closest to the 0 axis and should be given the highest priority and will be immediately visible to the company.The Three DimensionsCustomer Needs: This leg of the model identifies and lists down all the customer needs that are relevant to the company in question. Customer needs are identified based on the product offering and a link is made to customer benefits. As an example, a software developer who has studied customer needs in relation to their product will respond by providing easy to install s oftware packages and may provide other useful options such as an anti-virus, a software cleanup option as well as manuals and tech support.Technologies: Unlike the name suggests, the word technologies is taken here in a broader context to describe all those technologies that are used to create a product as well as put in on the market. Issues here include things as diverse as the marketing campaign being use or the way market research must be conducted. Taking our software example further, the manufacturer will used the latest technologies in the product itself as well as proving a helpdesk which provides the best possible and most relevant information.Customer Groups: There would be no market without customers purchasing products on offer. This is why marketing is all about the buyers. It is vital for every organization to understand how to segment the market and which segments to target in order to successfully sell a product to them. Once the market has been segmented, the compan y needs to work toward acquiring as much knowledge as possible about the different target groups and offer specific products or campaigns to these segments. Our software manufacturer may choose to serve both business and customers and will need a separate strategy and account managers for its B2B and B2C lines of business.HistoryFamous for his business definition model, Dr. Derek F Abell is the Professor Emeritus and co-founder of the European School of Management and Technology, established in Berlin, Germany. In 2012, he was also appointed the international dean at HSM Eduacao in Sao Paulo, Brazil. His work has been published as books and academic journal articles. He writes about strategic marketing, general management, leadership and executive responsibilities.Dr. Abell obtained a bachelor’s degree in aeronautical engineering from the University of Southampton in 1960 before moving to the United Stated and pursuing a master’s degree in Industrial Management from MIT’s Sloa n School of Management in 1966. He followed this with a doctorate in business administration from the Harvard Business School in 1970. He then served as the full time member of the Harvard Business School faculty until 1981. His other academic positions have included Insead in France and International Institute of Management Development in Switzerland among others.LimitationsThere is a strict marketing emphasis within the Abell model, which limits the framework from being widely used and as a key approach used to define competitive strategies for a business. In addition, there is no room to accommodate external factors such as governments and other regulating bodies. The three dimensional model also makes the analysis more complex than a two dimensional one. There is only a provision for abstract growth directions and the model does not provide support to determine the appropriate size and scale of the business.Tools for Building the ModelGiven the relative complexity of this model because of the three dimensions, users may find is easy to access one of the many available tools to help build their own framework. One of these is:Abell Model Creator FreeHOW TO APPLY ABELL’S FRAMEWORK TO YOUR BUSINESSPractical Use TipsTo begin implementing this model, it is first important to understand the dimensions and the entire model space. The three-dimensional space of the cube is the business scope of the company. The model helps identify what the company has been doing and also helps create a conceptual framework to identify opportunities for the future. Some key questions to help create this model for your company include:What are the current customer groups/Segments that we are serving?What needs are we meeting for these customers?What features or uses of our products are fulfilling these needs?Are there new customer groups with similar needs that are not being served?Can there be other uses of the product to fulfill other needs?Are there other technologies that need to be utilized to serve the needs of existing customers?Reflecting on the Three DimensionsThe matrix is built to question the business model along three dimensionsWho?Here, the idea is to completely identify and understand customer profiles of those segments being served. Once the segments are identified, work can be done to retain the segments that are most relevant. Segments can be individual customers, business customers, geographical location, sedentary or nomadic, role in the industry, social professional category, purchasing power or level of education among others.What?In this dimension, the objective is to identify the needs of the consumer that are met by the product. This is done by identifying and characterizing the solution (the product or service) in terms of its features that it brings to the customer segments identified in the “who” category. These features may include improved effectiveness or efficiency, better risk management, greater well-being among others.H ow?At this stage, those means are identified and characterized through which the highlighted features are manufactured and delivered to customers. These means or technology include manufacturing techniques such as a choice of technical processes or a specific form of organization, distribution techniques such as home delivery, retailers, wholesalers, and large distribution and provision technologies such as user license, remote operation among others.ApplicationsThe matrix can be used in a number of ways by an organization. Some of these uses include:Defining the business scope at three business levels including the corporate level, the business level and the lower organizational levelsDescribing and communicating changes in the business definition. These changes may usually be a result of the company’s offering moving through the product life cycleDescribing and communicating the business of any competitors in the market. This definition can be extremely helpful to the organizati on to better understand who they are up againstAnalyzing the growth opportunities for a business in a systematic and organized way which can help keep a track of these and implement at the right timesDescribing and communicating the evolution of marketsEXAMPLEStarting a Car DealershipWhether starting a new business or evaluating an existing one, the Abell business definition framework is a useful tool for stating out all the relevant information in an easy to assess format. In this example, we will consider what would need to be considered if you set out to start a car dealership.The three dimensions of the framework will need to be identified and listed down, beginning with an understanding of who the customer is, moving on to what need are we trying to meet for one or more distinct customer groups and finally the means needed by the company to manufacture and deliver the product to customers.Who? The first question to ask is who will the business be serving? Businesses may choose to serve one or two segments of the potential target market or a larger group of segments. It is important to correctly identify who you are serving as information is vital to ensure that the right need is met in the right way. Often, a variation of the product or a different marketing strategy is used to target various segments. Once the segments are identified. It is vital to dig deep and understand the dynamics of each segment and what motivates them to make purchase decisions. For a car dealership, some segment options include:The rich and powerful executiveThe working class heroThe urban party goerThe suburban familyWhat? Once the segment has been identified, it is part of the study of this segment or segments to understand what need is motivating these people to make a particular purchase decisions. Some needs may be obvious as in the case of basic food items. While other needs may be unrecognized or unstated by the segment and need to be understood through research by the com pany. In the case of a car dealership, the need is vague and less obvious. If everyone wanted to buy a car to just meet the need to get from point A to point B, then the least expensive cars would be the ones everyone moved towards. Instead, some other reasons for buying a car may include:Peer pressureStatus in an existing or aspirational peer groupSex AppealMasculinityPeace of mind and safetyExcellent driving experienceSome questions that a customer may ask themselves when buying a car may be among the following depending on their hidden desire.Is it efficient and cost effective?Is it fast and sporty?Is it bold and strong?Is it comfortable and luxurious?Is it spacious and reliable?To put this into perspective, if you picked the working class hero segment to target, their obvious needs may be to get from point A to point B, the ability to off-road if needed and have the space to carry a lot of friends, tools or other items easily. Some of the less obvious needs or hidden desires may include the need to be seen as strong, honest and courageous instead of a wimp, not be seen as putting on airs or being posh and seen as a loyal, outgoing and manly man.How? By now you know that this segment requires cars that are powerful with big wheels, bold and spacious but not too fancy or expensive. Depending on the purchase power, the prime cars to sell would be muscle cars or pick-up trucks. As a dealer, your technology will be the systems needed to acquire these cars and market them in the right way, at the right time to the right people.

To What Extent Were the Consequences of Wwi the Causes of...

To what extent were the consequences of WWI the causes for WWII At the end of World War One, Europe was left in a devastating state, four major empires disappeared and the economy was profoundly damaged. The first global war had taken place and fear of a second one was strongly felt across the continent. In order to bring political order to European politics and to prevent such a catastrophe from ever happening again, the Paris Peace Settlement took place. The outcomes were the signing of the Treaty of Versailles and the foundation of the League of Nations in 1919. Despite the inherently weak attempts to prevent a repetition of WW1, twenty years later, WWII broke out upon the invasion of Poland by Germany. Although exploding from a†¦show more content†¦Germany was now desperately seeking a strong leader that would rescue their country. The domestic crisis was the source of their anguish and Hitler who called for self determination and the abolition of the Treaty of Versailles appealed to the people. According to the revisionist views à ¢â‚¬Å"The depression also helped to destroy German democracy and contributed to Hitler’s rise to power, and it was his dictatorship which brought war†. The rise of the Nazis cannot therefore be blamed solely on the reparations, the Weimar Republic and the Wall Street Crash both independent factors from the consequences of WWI highly contributed to the rise of the Nazis. Once the Nazis were in power, the fear of communism and outbreak of another world war affected European diplomacy which gave way to appeasement: a major factor contributing the causes of WWII. Hitler was carrying out his 4 aims in foreign policy which included: lebensraum, racial purity, an end to the treaty of Versailles, and the unification of the German peoples; threatening his neighboring countries. Britain resorted to appeasement which was meant to put off war and grant Germany its wishes as in reality the country had been undergoing a constant struggle for the past decades and Britain felt partly responsible. Allowing Germany to doShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Causes of the Collapse of the USSR1349 Words   |  6 PagesThe Causes of the Collapse of the USSR Works Cited Not Included Although its demise occurred in the very latter part of the 20th century, USSR could have just as easily imploded much earlierRead MoreWorld War II ( 1939 )1486 Words   |  6 Pageswe know it. Focusing on Germany, it is clear how their post-WWI treatment led to the birth of new totalitarian nation and the start of this Second World War. This area also makes clear what the aftershocks of such an intense war is and what the means of war result in. The economic, political and social causes and consequences will be examined, starting from the end of the First World War, up until years after the Second. 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Rousseau, Mill, And Constant Essay - 1783 Words

While one might not go as far as to see them as diametrically opposite, they are at the very least distinctively different. Rousseau, Mill, and Constant exhibit a very different view of the modernizing society. This paper seeks to flash out the distinct visions of liberty that Rousseau, Mill, and Constant articulated by unpacking and discerning the central premises of each argument, pitting them against each other through comparing and contrasting. While it may be true that, Jean-Jacques Rousseau central idea in The Social Contract needs little explanation considering how it has been well-expounded upon by many scholars over the past 200 years. Nonetheless, this paper will begin with discussing Rousseau’s key concepts, leading to Constants criticisms, to put into clearer comparison in relation to Rousseau. Although, Rousseau distinguishes two specific types of liberty, natural liberty and civil liberty. Natural liberty, Rousseau states, is the freedom to pursue one s own desires whereas civil liberty is the freedom to pursue the general will. The general will is a key concept in Rousseau s The Social Contract; Rousseau defines the general will as the majority opinion of what is most beneficial to the common interest without any influence from private interest. The first chapter of The Social Contract, opens with the famous phrase: â€Å"Man was born free, and he is everywhere in chains† (Book II, Chapter I of The Social Contract). TheseShow MoreRelatedRousseau, Mill, And Constant Articulated By Unpacking Essay1663 Words   |  7 Pagesdistinctively different. Rousseau, Mill, and Constant exhibit a very different view of the modernizing society. This paper seeks to point out the distinct visions of liberty that Rousseau, Mill, and Constant articulated by unpacking the central premises of each argument, pitting them against each other through comparing and contrasting. 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Your MBA classmates Free Essays

Describe yourself to your MBA classmates. (You may use any method to convey your message: words, illustrations, etc. ) I grew up in a small fishing village in Maine, surrounded by family. We will write a custom essay sample on Your MBA classmates or any similar topic only for you Order Now Expectations and aspirations are limited in such an environment. I could have made a living exploiting the sea, but chose to do similar work as a corporate executive. Although I have no siblings, my hometown contains over fifty family members, and our agenda of family activities is always packed. Most of my family is employed in the commercial fishing ndustry, which instilled in me at a very young age, the concept of work. At age eleven, I started babysitting and mowing lawns, and at the age of fifteen I applied for my lobster license. The first summer with my license, I took a Job as a sternperson with a fellow female. We were the only two females out there, which was definitely an experience. When the lobstering season ended that year, I took a Job at a grocery store bagging groceries. I saved enough money to build a boat and to buy fifty lobster traps; I was on my way. The following summer I continued to work as a sternperson, and I also fished my own traps. I continued lobstering throughout the rest of high school and college, and It helped me finance my college education. In addition to being ambitious and motivated enough to put my heart Into even mundane, low-level tasks, I am also extremely organized. This Is one characteristic that has always received praise. I pay particular attention to detail, which I believe has contributed to my success thus far. I take pride In my work, and I look at It as a epresentation of myself. In my position at Sanford Bernstein as a Consultant Liaison, I market my firm to the financial consulting community. Maintaining the Integrity of the firm Is vital and errors are disastrous. When training new group members, I stress this point most thoroughly. I work In a group that currently has six members. The group serves as a central source of Information for the firm, and Its success relies on an extraordinary amount of cooperation from each of us. As a senior member, I am able to contribute to the roup In several wap Including: training group members, controlling the quality of the group’s output, managing and accurately completing multiple requests with short turnaround times, gathering and conveying Information from senior Investment professionals, collecting and calculating data, malntalnlng databases, overseeing projects aimed at making long-term Improvements to the group’s processes, and strengthening my own foundation of knowledge to be used as a resource. Recently, as the result of a manager leaving the firm, I have also taken on some of the anagerial responslbllltles for the group Including prlorltlzlng and delegating assignments. Though I am an excellent team player, In business school I would Ilke to sharpen my appearance in order to get my point across. I hope to improve my negotiating skills and to gain more experience in getting group members to carry their own weight. At the same time, I do not want to become a tyrant. To be effective, it is important for a manager to maintain the proper balance of power and compassion. Only in this way, will I be able to lead a team of people to realizing the goals of a firm. How to cite Your MBA classmates, Papers

Quaid E Azam- an Architect of Pakistan Essay Example

Quaid E Azam- an Architect of Pakistan Essay Submitted to: Sir Superman Submitted by: James Bond Degree ‘34’ Syndicate ‘CIA’ Date: 21-03-2013 CONTENTS Chapter 1 * Background * Quaid’s early life * Education Chapter 2 * Politics * Membership of Congress * Hindu-Muslim Unity * Devotion to Muslim League * Leadership of Muslims Chapter 3 * Thought of Separate Homeland * Pakistan Resolution * Gandhi-Quaid meetings * Views about Quaid Chapter 4 * Defending Policy of Quaid Chapter 5 * Formation of Federal Cabinet * Constitutional Problems * Establishment of Capital * Provincial Government Establishment of Administrative Headquarters * Foreign Affairs * Education Policy CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY REFERENCES 1) Syed Shamsul Hassan ed. , Correspondence of Quaid-i-Azam M. A. Jinnahand other papers, Shamsul Hassan collection, Organizational Matters, Vol. I (1936-1947) 2) Akbar S. Ahmed, Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity, (Karachi: Oxford University press, 1997) 3) Prof. Khurshid Ahmed, Islamic Ideology (Ka rachi: Karachi university,2002). 4) Quaid’s speech at university stadium Lahore, 30 october 1947 5) Syed Hussain Imam â€Å"Sterling qualities of Quaid†. ) Ahmad Khan Yusufi, Speeches, statements and messages of Quaid-e-Azam. 7) Rajmohan Gandhi, Eight Lives: A Study of the Hindu-Muslim Encounter (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1986) 8) Wikipedia the free Encyclopedia. 9) www. national heritage . government. pk 10) Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Government of Pakistan Website. 11) Quaid-e-As is Mohammad Ali Jinnah. The Jinnah Society. 12) Jinnah: South Asias greatest ever leader. 13) BBCs Poll for South Asias greatest ever leader. 14) The Father of Pakistan. The Most Influential Asians of the Century by TIME. 15) Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876–1948). Story of Pakistan. 16) Jinnahs speech to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan. 11 August 1947. 17) Jinnahs Thought at a Glance. Yes Pakistan. com. 18) Mohammed Ali Jinnah (1876–1948). Harappa. com. 19) Pictures of Quaid (Album). Urdu Point. 20) South Asias Clarence Darrow. Chow. 21) I Remember Jinnah. Daily Dawn (newspaper). 22) 1947 August. Chronicles Of Pakistan ACKNOWLEDGE This research paper is dedicated to all those martyres who worked the reation of a separate home land for Muslims. They helped Quaid-e-As am in this great mission and gave sacrifices for our independence . They face many problems and hardships for the independence of Muslims in the subcontinent. I would like to thank James Bond for assigning this topic to me. It was truly an enlightening experience for me to do research on this topic. I would also like to thank my respected teacher Iron Man for guiding me and providing me with more than enough knowledge on this topic. We will write a custom essay sample on Quaid E Azam- an Architect of Pakistan specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Quaid E Azam- an Architect of Pakistan specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Quaid E Azam- an Architect of Pakistan specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The research was mainly done using the help of computers and internet therefore the bibliography section may look a little empty at first. But once one gets to visit these internet sites he is marveled by the amount of data provided on the respective topic. So hats off to all those people who are spending their precious time to run these enlightening websites. Without these the worth of internet would be much less in the context of knowledge. The main objective of this research paper is to highlights the efforts of the Quaid-e-As am Muhammad Ali Jinnah in the creation of Pakistan. His role in the formation of Pakistan and in the initial administration of Pakistan after independence because he handled all the problems of Pakistan when there were only few people who knew about administrative problems. - INTRODUCTION Quaid-e-As am as an architect of Pakistan Some revisionist people criticize Pakistan and few even go so far as to question the integrity of Quaid-e-As am in demanding a separate homeland for the Muslims of Hindustan. This modern disease has even spread to those who live in the West but have Pakistani roots. It is however interesting that all these critical people studied in Pakistani schools, travelled on Pakistani passports and have families in that country. Painting a realistic image of Pakistan in our young peoples minds is the only way they can hope to have a sense of belonging to the country and the elderly generation has a duty to provide a great deal in helping such parents and families living abroad whose roots are still fastened firmly with this land. Coming back to he topic, it is very difficult to add something new or something that is not known about him. Yet the paradox is that the younger generation has to be reminded of his contribution to the history of Muslims of the Subcontinent What I want to share with you about Quaid, is not only the information from history books, magazines and films, but also what was told to me by my father and those who saw the Quaid, worked for the cause of Pakistan and saw the creation of Pakistan. Pakistan’s story is so much linked with the life of the Quaid –e-As am that one cannot be told without the other. So who was this great man, who with the help of his type writer and an adoring sister created the largest country for Muslims in the world in a span of few years. In his biography of titled Jinnah of Pakistan, the American historian, Stanley Wilbert, makes the following observation that so accurately describes the legacy of Quaid and his footprint on history: â€Å"Few individuals significantly alter the course of history. Fewer still modify the map of the world. Hardly anyone can be credited with creating a nation-state. Muhammad Ali Jinnah did all three. During his lifetime, he brought the wisdom to walk in the path of honor, the courage to follow his convictions, and an abiding compassion for others. He enriched us all by the nobility of his spirit. - - CHAP # 1 Quaid’s Early life Background According to Sarojini Naidu, a famous Congress politician, close friend and follower of Gandhi but also author of Quaid’s first biography, Quaid’s ancestors were Hindu Ra jput who converted to Islam. Jinnahs family belonged to the Ismailia Kahoka branch of Shia Islam. Early Education He studied at several schools at the Sind Madras a-tool-Islam in Karachi; briefly at the Goal Das Ten Primary School in Bombay; and finally at the Christian Missionary Society High School in Karachi, where, at age sixteen, he passed the matriculation examination other University of Bombay. Higher Education in England In 1892, at the age of only 16, he sailed to England to study and in 3 years, at age 19, he became the youngest Indian to be called to the bar in England. During his student years in England, Jinnah came under the influence of 19th-century British liberalism, and his education included exposure to the idea of the democratic nation and progressive politics. But later as an Indian intellectual and political authority, Jinnah would find his commitment to the Western ideal of the nation-state and the reality of Indian society of many religions, cultures and ethnic groups difficult to reconcile during his later political career. In 1896 he returned to India and settled in Bombay. He built a House in Malabar Hill, later known as Jinnah House. He Became a successful lawyer, gaining particular fame For his skilled handling. His reputation as a skilled lawyer Prompted Indian leader Bal Gangadhar Tikal to hire him as defense counsel for his sedition trial in 1905. Quaid argued that it was not sedition for an Indian to demand freedom and self-government in his own country. - - - - - - - - - - - - - CHAP # 2 Introduction to Politics Membership of Congress Soon after his return to India, he joined the Indian National Congress, which was the largest political organization in India. Like most of the Congress at the time, Jinnah did not favor outright independence, considering British influences on education, law, culture and industry as beneficial to India. Quaid had initially avoided joining the All India Muslim League, founded in 1906 because he regarded it as too religiously oriented. However he decided to provide leadership to the Muslim minority. Hindu-Muslim Unity ; Joining Muslim League His efforts to work for all Indians was so much respected that he was called; Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim Unity. Eventually, he joined the Muslim League in 1913 and became the President at the 1916 session in Luck now. Jinnah was the architect of the 1916 Luck now Pact between the Congress and the League, bringing them together on most issues regarding self-government and presenting a united front to the British. Jinnah broke with the Congress in 1920 when the Congress leader, Mohandas Gandhi, launched a law violating Non-Cooperation Movement against the British, which a temperamentally law abiding barrister Jinnah disapproved of. One Western journalist asked Quaid, why he never went to jail while all Congress leaders like Gandhi, Nehru, Patel and Baldev Singh have been in many times in prison. Quaid replies: â€Å"I am a parliamentarian. Prison is for criminals†. In 1924 Quaid, officially reorganized the Muslim League and Devoted the next seven years attempting to bring about Unity among various ranks of Muslims and to develop Rational formula to effect a Hindu Muslim settlement, Which he considered the pre-condition for Indian freedom. This task was very difficult and was frustrated in the start. Balder Singh â€Å"He once remarked that every time, I put my hand in the pocket, I find forged coins, refereeing to disunity and internal fight among Muslim leaders†. Even if he was working tirelessly to unite Muslims in Hindustan, he attended several unity conferences between Congress and Muslim league. He wrote the â€Å"Delhi Muslim Proposals in 1927†, pleaded for the incorporation of the basic Muslim demands in the Nehru report, and formulated the â€Å"Fourteen Points† Furthermore, in 1927, Quaid entered negotiations with Muslim and Hindu leaders on the issue of a future constitution, during the struggle against the all-British Simon Commission. The Muslim League wanted separate electorates while the Nehru Report favored joint electorates. Quaid personally opposed separate electorates, but accepted the decision of his party. He then drafted compromises and put forth demands that he thought would satisfy both. These became known as the 14 points of Mr. Jinnah. However, they were rejected by the Congress and other political parties. The British government called 2 Round Table Conferences in London to let Hindustani leaders to work out their differences, but talks failed. Quaid was so disillusioned by the breakdown of talks, that in 1931 he relocated to London in order to practice in the Privy Council Bar. Devotion to Muslim League That was a dark time for Muslims in India. But luckily, prominent Muslim leaders like Allama Iqbal, the Aga Khan and Chaudhary Rah mat Ali made efforts to convince Quaid to return from London to India and take charge of a now-reunited Muslim League. In 1934 Quaid returned and began to re-organize the party, being closely assisted by Liquate Ali Khan, who would act as his right-hand man. In the 1937 elections to the Central Legislative Assembly, the League emerged as a competent party, capturing a significant number of seats under the Muslim electorate, but lost in the Muslim-majority Punjab, Sind and the North-West Frontier Province. After the election success, Quaid offered an alliance with the Congress both bodies would face the British together, but the Congress had to share power, accept separate electorates and the League as the representative of Indias Muslims. That was a proof of Quaid was willing to go a long way to have an independent united Hindustan where Hindus and Muslims would be equal partners. The latter two terms were unacceptable to the Congress, which had its own national Muslim leaders and membership and adhered to One India. Even as Quaid held talks with Congress president Rajendra Prasad, Congress leaders suspected that Quaid would use his position as a lever for exaggerated demands and obstruct government, and demanded that the League merge with the Congress. The talks failed, and while Quaid declared the resignation of all legislators from provincial and central offices in 1938 as a Day of Deliverance from Hindu domination, some historians assert that he remained hopeful for an agreement. But it was becoming clearer to Quaid and his associates that may be Congress was interested in such solution. Gandhi often said to Quaid; â€Å"Let the British leave. Afterward, we can figure out a solution. † In one of his famous letters, Quaid asked Gandhi to be more precise as to how the power would be distributed. Gandhi replied; â€Å"My dear Jinnah, I cannot answer your questions because my inner light is not working†. Quaid wrote back; †To hell with your inner light. Why do not you admit that you have no answer to what I am asking†? - CHAP # 3 The Idea of Pakistan By the way, a wish for a separate homeland for Muslims of Hindustan was in the air for some time. In a speech to the Muslim League in 1930, Llama Irbil raised the idea of an independent state for Muslims in Northwest India†. Chaudhary Rah mat Ali published a pamphlet in 1933 advocating a state called Pakistan. Thought of Separate Homeland Following the failure to work with the Congress, Quaid, who had embraced separate electorates and the exclusive right of the Muslim League to represent Muslims, was converted to the idea that Muslims needed a separate state to protect their rights. He came to believe that Muslims and Hindus were distinct nations, with unbridgeable differences—a view later known as â€Å"the Two Nation Theory†. Quaid declared that a united India would lead to the marginalization of Muslims, and eventually civil war between Hindus and Muslims. This change of view may have occurred through his correspondence with Allama Iqbal, who was close to him. Pakistan resolution In the session in Lahore in 1940, the Pakistan resolution was adopted as the main goal of the Muslim League. The resolution was rejected outright by the Congress, and criticized by many Muslim leaders like Maulana Abu Kalama Azad, Khan Abdul Gaffer Khan, Side Abdul Al Muddy and the Jamaal-e-Islamic. On 26 July 1943, Quaid was stabbed and wounded by a member of the extremist Chasers in an attempted assassination. During the mission of British minister Stafford Cripps, Jinnah demanded parity between the number of Congress and League ministers, the Leagues exclusive right to appoint Muslims and a right for Muslim-majority provinces to secede, leading to the breakdown of talks. When it became clear to both British and Congress party that Quaid and Muslim League would not budge from its demand, they made a common front against him. Gandhi-Quaid meetings In 1944 Gandhi held talks fourteen times with Quaid in Bombay, about a united front— while talks failed, Gandhis overtures to Jinnah increased as a last ditch effort to avoid the partition of Hindustan. But League was becoming very representative of all Muslims. The Leagues influence increased in the Punjab after the death of Unionist leader Sikandar Hayat Khan in 1942. In the 1946 elections for the Constituent Assembly of India, the Congress won most of the elected seats, while the League won a large majority of Muslim electorate seats. Interim Government portfolios were announced on 25 October 1946. Muslim Leaguers were sworn in on 26 October 1946. The League entered the interim government, but Quaid refrained from accepting office for himself. This was credited as a major victory for Quaid, as the League entered government having rejected both plans, and was allowed to appoint an equal number of ministers despite being the minority party. The coalition was unable to work, resulting in a rising feeling within the Congress that independence of Pakistan was the only way of avoiding political chaos and possible civil war. Different views about Quaid Some revisionist historians like H M Serve and Ayesha Jalap assert that Quaid never wanted partition of India. It was actually the outcome of the Congress leaders being unwilling to share power with the Muslim League. It is asserted that Quaid only used the Pakistan demand as a method to mobilize support to obtain significant political rights for Muslims. Whatever the case may be, looking at the poor situation of Indian Muslims today and their second class status, Pakistanis should be grateful that Quaid gave up the idea of a united India after the British departure and insisted that Muslims in Hindustan should have their own homeland. Quaid has gained the admiration of major Indian nationalist politicians like Leal Krishna Advani whose comments praising Jinnah caused uproar in his own Bharatiya Janta Party Jessant Singh likewise praised Jinnah for standing up to the Indian National Congress and the British. Everyone from Mount baton, Gandhi, and Nehru down to ordinary persons, friend and foe all agreed that during his lifetime, he brought the wisdom to walk in the path of honor, the courage to follow his convictions, and an abiding compassion for others. He enriched us all by the nobility of his spirit. In his book â€Å"Verdict on India† (1944), Beverley Nichols, the British author and journalist has a chapter; Dialogue with a Giant. This is about his meeting with Quaid. He wrote; â€Å"Mr. Jinnah is in a position of unique strategic importance. He can sway the battle this way or that as he chooses. His 100 million Muslims will march to the left, to the right, to the front, to the rear at his bidding and at nobody else’s. If Gandhi goes, there is Nehru or Raj opal or Paten or a dozen others. But if Jinnah goes, who is there? † CHAP # 4 Jinnahs Vision for Pakistan Defending Policy of Quaid In 1937, Quaid defended his ideology of equality in his speech to the All-India Muslim League in Luck now where he stated, Settlement can only be achieved between equals. He also had a rebuttal to Nehrus statement which argued that the only two parties that mattered in India were the British Raj and INC. † Jinnah stated that the Muslim League was the third and equal partner within Indian politics. Quaid gave a precise definition of the term Pakistan in 1941 at Lahore in which he stated: â€Å"Some confusion prevails in the minds of some individuals in regard to the use of the word Pakistan. This word has become synonymous with the Lahore resolution owing to the fact that it is a convenient and compendious method of describing it. Whilst giving an interview to American press representatives in July 1942, when asked by one of the journalists whether the Muslims were a nation or not, Quaid replied: â€Å"We are a nation with our own distinctive culture and civilization, language and literature, art and architecture, names and nomenclature, sense of values and proportion, legal laws and moral codes, customs and calendar, history and traditions, aptitudes and ambitions, in short, we have our own distinctive outlook on life and of life. By all cannons of international law we are a nation. † A controversy has raged in Pakistan about whether Jinnah wanted Pakistan to be a secular state or an Islamic state. His views as expressed in his policy speech on 11 August 1947 said: â€Å"I think we should keep that in front of us as our ideal and you will find that in course of time Hindus would cease to be Hindus and Muslims would cease to be Muslims, not in the religious sense, because that is the personal faith of each individual, but in the political sense as citizens of the State†. Jinnah, 11August 1947 presiding over the constituent assembly. Quaid wanted a secular state, but with Islamic principles. The reason is that a true Islamic state is not a theocratic state â€Å"Pakistan is not going to be a theocratic State to be ruled by priests with a divine mission. We have many non-Muslims Hindus, Christians, and Parses but they are all Pakistanis. They will enjoy the same rights and privileges as any other citizens and will play their rightful part in the affairs of Pakistan†. Broadcast talk to the people of the United States of America on Pakistan recorded February 1948 Inaugurating the assembly on 11 August 1947, Quaid spoke of an inclusive and pluralist democracy promising equal rights for all citizens regardless of religion, caste or creed. This address is a cause of much debate in Pakistan as, on its basis, many claim that Jinnah wanted a secular state while supporters of Islamic Pakistan assert that this speech is being taken out of context when compared to other speeches by him. On 11 October 1947, in an address to Civil, Naval, Military and Air Force Officers of Pakistan Government, Karachi, he said: â€Å"We should have a State in which we could live and breathe as free men and which we could develop according to our own lights and culture and where principles of Islamic social justice could find free play†. On 21 February 1948, in an address to the officers and men of the 5th Heavy and 6thLight Regiments in Mali, Karachi, he said: â€Å"You have to stand guard over the development and maintenance of Islamic democracy, Islamic social justice and the equality of manhood in your own native soil. With faith, discipline and selfless devotion to duty, there is nothing worthwhile that you cannot achieve†. CHAP # 5 Quaid-e-As am as a Governor General On 14th August 1947, Quaid-e-As am Mohammad Ali Jinnah became the 1st Governor General. He remained Governor General for thirteen months. During this period, he solved many important national issues. Some of them are mentioned as under: Formation of Federal Cabinet As soon as the Quaid-e-As am took an immediate action and nominated members of the Federal Cabinet to run the Government affairs smoothly. Liquate Ali Khan was elected as the Prime Minister. Other members of the cabinet were also nominated. This first cabinet of Pakistan took oath on 15th August 1947. Members of the Cabinet 1. Vardar Abdul Rib Nester (Transports) 2. Raja Ghazanfer Ali Khan (Agriculture) 3. Fazal-ur-Rehman (Education) 4. I. I Chundrigar (Industry) 5. Glulam Mohammad (Finance) 6. Jogander Nath Mandala (Law) 7. Sir Afar Ulla Khan Adjani (Affair) Constitutional Problems The Act of 1935 was amended and enforced in the country as there was no constitution available of the newly born state. Thus this great achievement was done under the administrative leadership of the Quaid-e-As am. Establishment of Capital Karachi was made Capital of Pakistan. Provincial Government Quaid-e-As an elected Chief Minister and Governor. Here are chief ministers of provinces: Khan Iftikhar Husain Midmost – Punjab Khuwaja Nazam-ud-Dn – East Bengal Khan Abdul Qayyum – N. W. F. P Mohammad AyeChurro – Sind Chief Commissioner (British) – Baluchistan Administrative Head Quarters For the administrative reformation, a committee was set up and Chaudhary Mohammad Aye was made the Secretary General. Civil Services were re-organized and Civil Services Academy was constituted. The Secretariat was established. Moreover, Head-quarters for Army, Navy and Air Force were set up. An ammunition factory was also set up. Attention to Foreign Affairs Realizing the sensitivity of foreign affairs, Quaid-e-As am paid his utmost attention to the Foreign Policy. He developed healthy relations with the neighboring and developed countries that were the main objective of the Foreign Policy. Membership of UNO After independence, Quaid-e-As am paid immediate attention for acquiring membership of the United Nations Organization (UNO). On 30th September 1947, Pakistan became the member of the UNO. This all, was done under the dynamic leadership of Quaid-e-As am. Implementation of Education Policy Education plays an important role in the development of a country. It improves living standard of a nation and development. Education sector also needed attention at the time of independence. For this purpose, he held the first Educational Conference in 1947. He wished that every citizen of Pakistan should serve his nation with honesty and national spirit. He made nation with honesty and national spirit. He made acquisition of scientific and technological education compulsory for the students. Quaid-e-As am did a lot to improve education policy of the country. In the Service of Pakistan Quaid-e-As am served his country till his death. Despite his bad health, he kept on going through the important files. He succumbed to deadly disease of consumption. First Cabinet of Pakistan First cabinet of Pakistan was also elected by Quaid-e-As am. He took of it. Liquate Ali Khan was first Prime Minister of Pakistan. CONCLUSION In the conclusion I would like to say that Quaid was great leader and a true Muslim and he was a real architect of Pakistan. He was great leader and he proved it by the creation of Pakistan and he is guiding star for the generation to come and he is role model for generation to come. Limitations First of all I am thankful to Allah Almighty who enabled me to make this assignment. It is wisely said that one feels no pains after he has been successful in doing a work. But I would like to mention some as they are asked. I live in hired hostel where internet is not available. Therefore, I faced many difficulties in gathering data. Moreover, I do not have my own computer so I had to work on my roommate’s computer or on the lab computer. I had much burden of studies of other subjects. So, I could not give as much concentration to this assignment. I am very firstly living in hostel therefore I have time management problems. I also do not possess very vast general knowledge. Bibliography * Syed Shamsul Hassan ed. , Correspondence of Quaid-i-Azam M. A. Jinnahand other papers, Shamsul Hassan collection, Organizational Matters, Vol. I (1936-1947) * Akbar S. Ahmed, Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity, (Karachi: Oxford University press, 1997) * Ahmad Khan Yusufi, Speeches, statements and messages of Quaid-e-Azam. * BBCs Poll for South Asias greatest ever leader. * 1947 August. Chronicles Of Pakistan. * I Remember Jinnah. Daily Dawn (newspaper). Jinnahs speech to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan. 11 August 1947. * Jinnahs Thought at a Glance. Yes Pakistan. com. * Jinnah: South Asias greatest ever leader. * Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876–1948). Story of Pakistan. * Mohammed Ali Jinnah (1876–1948). Harappa. com. * Prof. Khurshid Ahmed, Islamic Ideology (Karachi: Karachi university,2002). * Pictures of Quaid (Album). Urd u Point. * Quaid’s speech at university stadium Lahore, 30 october 1947. * Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Government of Pakistan Website. * Quaid-e-As is Mohammad Ali Jinnah. The Jinnah Society. Rajmohan Gandhi, Eight Lives: A Study of the Hindu-Muslim Encounter (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1986). * Syed Hussain Imam â€Å"Sterling qualities of Quaid†. * South Asias Clarence Darrow. Chow. * The Father of Pakistan. The Most Influential Asians of the Century by TIME. * Wikipedia the free Encyclopedia. * www. national heritage . government. pk - - THE END†¦ - - - Quaid E Azam- an Architect of Pakistan Essay Example Quaid E Azam- an Architect of Pakistan Essay Submitted to: Sir Superman Submitted by: James Bond Degree ‘34’ Syndicate ‘CIA’ Date: 21-03-2013 CONTENTS Chapter 1 * Background * Quaid’s early life * Education Chapter 2 * Politics * Membership of Congress * Hindu-Muslim Unity * Devotion to Muslim League * Leadership of Muslims Chapter 3 * Thought of Separate Homeland * Pakistan Resolution * Gandhi-Quaid meetings * Views about Quaid Chapter 4 * Defending Policy of Quaid Chapter 5 * Formation of Federal Cabinet * Constitutional Problems * Establishment of Capital * Provincial Government Establishment of Administrative Headquarters * Foreign Affairs * Education Policy CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY REFERENCES 1) Syed Shamsul Hassan ed. , Correspondence of Quaid-i-Azam M. A. Jinnahand other papers, Shamsul Hassan collection, Organizational Matters, Vol. I (1936-1947) 2) Akbar S. Ahmed, Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity, (Karachi: Oxford University press, 1997) 3) Prof. Khurshid Ahmed, Islamic Ideology (Ka rachi: Karachi university,2002). 4) Quaid’s speech at university stadium Lahore, 30 october 1947 5) Syed Hussain Imam â€Å"Sterling qualities of Quaid†. ) Ahmad Khan Yusufi, Speeches, statements and messages of Quaid-e-Azam. 7) Rajmohan Gandhi, Eight Lives: A Study of the Hindu-Muslim Encounter (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1986) 8) Wikipedia the free Encyclopedia. 9) www. national heritage . government. pk 10) Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Government of Pakistan Website. 11) Quaid-e-As is Mohammad Ali Jinnah. The Jinnah Society. 12) Jinnah: South Asias greatest ever leader. 13) BBCs Poll for South Asias greatest ever leader. 14) The Father of Pakistan. The Most Influential Asians of the Century by TIME. 15) Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876–1948). Story of Pakistan. 16) Jinnahs speech to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan. 11 August 1947. 17) Jinnahs Thought at a Glance. Yes Pakistan. com. 18) Mohammed Ali Jinnah (1876–1948). Harappa. com. 19) Pictures of Quaid (Album). Urdu Point. 20) South Asias Clarence Darrow. Chow. 21) I Remember Jinnah. Daily Dawn (newspaper). 22) 1947 August. Chronicles Of Pakistan ACKNOWLEDGE This research paper is dedicated to all those martyres who worked the reation of a separate home land for Muslims. They helped Quaid-e-As am in this great mission and gave sacrifices for our independence . They face many problems and hardships for the independence of Muslims in the subcontinent. I would like to thank James Bond for assigning this topic to me. It was truly an enlightening experience for me to do research on this topic. I would also like to thank my respected teacher Iron Man for guiding me and providing me with more than enough knowledge on this topic. We will write a custom essay sample on Quaid E Azam- an Architect of Pakistan specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Quaid E Azam- an Architect of Pakistan specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Quaid E Azam- an Architect of Pakistan specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The research was mainly done using the help of computers and internet therefore the bibliography section may look a little empty at first. But once one gets to visit these internet sites he is marveled by the amount of data provided on the respective topic. So hats off to all those people who are spending their precious time to run these enlightening websites. Without these the worth of internet would be much less in the context of knowledge. The main objective of this research paper is to highlights the efforts of the Quaid-e-As am Muhammad Ali Jinnah in the creation of Pakistan. His role in the formation of Pakistan and in the initial administration of Pakistan after independence because he handled all the problems of Pakistan when there were only few people who knew about administrative problems. - INTRODUCTION Quaid-e-As am as an architect of Pakistan Some revisionist people criticize Pakistan and few even go so far as to question the integrity of Quaid-e-As am in demanding a separate homeland for the Muslims of Hindustan. This modern disease has even spread to those who live in the West but have Pakistani roots. It is however interesting that all these critical people studied in Pakistani schools, travelled on Pakistani passports and have families in that country. Painting a realistic image of Pakistan in our young peoples minds is the only way they can hope to have a sense of belonging to the country and the elderly generation has a duty to provide a great deal in helping such parents and families living abroad whose roots are still fastened firmly with this land. Coming back to he topic, it is very difficult to add something new or something that is not known about him. Yet the paradox is that the younger generation has to be reminded of his contribution to the history of Muslims of the Subcontinent What I want to share with you about Quaid, is not only the information from history books, magazines and films, but also what was told to me by my father and those who saw the Quaid, worked for the cause of Pakistan and saw the creation of Pakistan. Pakistan’s story is so much linked with the life of the Quaid –e-As am that one cannot be told without the other. So who was this great man, who with the help of his type writer and an adoring sister created the largest country for Muslims in the world in a span of few years. In his biography of titled Jinnah of Pakistan, the American historian, Stanley Wilbert, makes the following observation that so accurately describes the legacy of Quaid and his footprint on history: â€Å"Few individuals significantly alter the course of history. Fewer still modify the map of the world. Hardly anyone can be credited with creating a nation-state. Muhammad Ali Jinnah did all three. During his lifetime, he brought the wisdom to walk in the path of honor, the courage to follow his convictions, and an abiding compassion for others. He enriched us all by the nobility of his spirit. - - CHAP # 1 Quaid’s Early life Background According to Sarojini Naidu, a famous Congress politician, close friend and follower of Gandhi but also author of Quaid’s first biography, Quaid’s ancestors were Hindu Ra jput who converted to Islam. Jinnahs family belonged to the Ismailia Kahoka branch of Shia Islam. Early Education He studied at several schools at the Sind Madras a-tool-Islam in Karachi; briefly at the Goal Das Ten Primary School in Bombay; and finally at the Christian Missionary Society High School in Karachi, where, at age sixteen, he passed the matriculation examination other University of Bombay. Higher Education in England In 1892, at the age of only 16, he sailed to England to study and in 3 years, at age 19, he became the youngest Indian to be called to the bar in England. During his student years in England, Jinnah came under the influence of 19th-century British liberalism, and his education included exposure to the idea of the democratic nation and progressive politics. But later as an Indian intellectual and political authority, Jinnah would find his commitment to the Western ideal of the nation-state and the reality of Indian society of many religions, cultures and ethnic groups difficult to reconcile during his later political career. In 1896 he returned to India and settled in Bombay. He built a House in Malabar Hill, later known as Jinnah House. He Became a successful lawyer, gaining particular fame For his skilled handling. His reputation as a skilled lawyer Prompted Indian leader Bal Gangadhar Tikal to hire him as defense counsel for his sedition trial in 1905. Quaid argued that it was not sedition for an Indian to demand freedom and self-government in his own country. - - - - - - - - - - - - - CHAP # 2 Introduction to Politics Membership of Congress Soon after his return to India, he joined the Indian National Congress, which was the largest political organization in India. Like most of the Congress at the time, Jinnah did not favor outright independence, considering British influences on education, law, culture and industry as beneficial to India. Quaid had initially avoided joining the All India Muslim League, founded in 1906 because he regarded it as too religiously oriented. However he decided to provide leadership to the Muslim minority. Hindu-Muslim Unity ; Joining Muslim League His efforts to work for all Indians was so much respected that he was called; Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim Unity. Eventually, he joined the Muslim League in 1913 and became the President at the 1916 session in Luck now. Jinnah was the architect of the 1916 Luck now Pact between the Congress and the League, bringing them together on most issues regarding self-government and presenting a united front to the British. Jinnah broke with the Congress in 1920 when the Congress leader, Mohandas Gandhi, launched a law violating Non-Cooperation Movement against the British, which a temperamentally law abiding barrister Jinnah disapproved of. One Western journalist asked Quaid, why he never went to jail while all Congress leaders like Gandhi, Nehru, Patel and Baldev Singh have been in many times in prison. Quaid replies: â€Å"I am a parliamentarian. Prison is for criminals†. In 1924 Quaid, officially reorganized the Muslim League and Devoted the next seven years attempting to bring about Unity among various ranks of Muslims and to develop Rational formula to effect a Hindu Muslim settlement, Which he considered the pre-condition for Indian freedom. This task was very difficult and was frustrated in the start. Balder Singh â€Å"He once remarked that every time, I put my hand in the pocket, I find forged coins, refereeing to disunity and internal fight among Muslim leaders†. Even if he was working tirelessly to unite Muslims in Hindustan, he attended several unity conferences between Congress and Muslim league. He wrote the â€Å"Delhi Muslim Proposals in 1927†, pleaded for the incorporation of the basic Muslim demands in the Nehru report, and formulated the â€Å"Fourteen Points† Furthermore, in 1927, Quaid entered negotiations with Muslim and Hindu leaders on the issue of a future constitution, during the struggle against the all-British Simon Commission. The Muslim League wanted separate electorates while the Nehru Report favored joint electorates. Quaid personally opposed separate electorates, but accepted the decision of his party. He then drafted compromises and put forth demands that he thought would satisfy both. These became known as the 14 points of Mr. Jinnah. However, they were rejected by the Congress and other political parties. The British government called 2 Round Table Conferences in London to let Hindustani leaders to work out their differences, but talks failed. Quaid was so disillusioned by the breakdown of talks, that in 1931 he relocated to London in order to practice in the Privy Council Bar. Devotion to Muslim League That was a dark time for Muslims in India. But luckily, prominent Muslim leaders like Allama Iqbal, the Aga Khan and Chaudhary Rah mat Ali made efforts to convince Quaid to return from London to India and take charge of a now-reunited Muslim League. In 1934 Quaid returned and began to re-organize the party, being closely assisted by Liquate Ali Khan, who would act as his right-hand man. In the 1937 elections to the Central Legislative Assembly, the League emerged as a competent party, capturing a significant number of seats under the Muslim electorate, but lost in the Muslim-majority Punjab, Sind and the North-West Frontier Province. After the election success, Quaid offered an alliance with the Congress both bodies would face the British together, but the Congress had to share power, accept separate electorates and the League as the representative of Indias Muslims. That was a proof of Quaid was willing to go a long way to have an independent united Hindustan where Hindus and Muslims would be equal partners. The latter two terms were unacceptable to the Congress, which had its own national Muslim leaders and membership and adhered to One India. Even as Quaid held talks with Congress president Rajendra Prasad, Congress leaders suspected that Quaid would use his position as a lever for exaggerated demands and obstruct government, and demanded that the League merge with the Congress. The talks failed, and while Quaid declared the resignation of all legislators from provincial and central offices in 1938 as a Day of Deliverance from Hindu domination, some historians assert that he remained hopeful for an agreement. But it was becoming clearer to Quaid and his associates that may be Congress was interested in such solution. Gandhi often said to Quaid; â€Å"Let the British leave. Afterward, we can figure out a solution. † In one of his famous letters, Quaid asked Gandhi to be more precise as to how the power would be distributed. Gandhi replied; â€Å"My dear Jinnah, I cannot answer your questions because my inner light is not working†. Quaid wrote back; †To hell with your inner light. Why do not you admit that you have no answer to what I am asking†? - CHAP # 3 The Idea of Pakistan By the way, a wish for a separate homeland for Muslims of Hindustan was in the air for some time. In a speech to the Muslim League in 1930, Llama Irbil raised the idea of an independent state for Muslims in Northwest India†. Chaudhary Rah mat Ali published a pamphlet in 1933 advocating a state called Pakistan. Thought of Separate Homeland Following the failure to work with the Congress, Quaid, who had embraced separate electorates and the exclusive right of the Muslim League to represent Muslims, was converted to the idea that Muslims needed a separate state to protect their rights. He came to believe that Muslims and Hindus were distinct nations, with unbridgeable differences—a view later known as â€Å"the Two Nation Theory†. Quaid declared that a united India would lead to the marginalization of Muslims, and eventually civil war between Hindus and Muslims. This change of view may have occurred through his correspondence with Allama Iqbal, who was close to him. Pakistan resolution In the session in Lahore in 1940, the Pakistan resolution was adopted as the main goal of the Muslim League. The resolution was rejected outright by the Congress, and criticized by many Muslim leaders like Maulana Abu Kalama Azad, Khan Abdul Gaffer Khan, Side Abdul Al Muddy and the Jamaal-e-Islamic. On 26 July 1943, Quaid was stabbed and wounded by a member of the extremist Chasers in an attempted assassination. During the mission of British minister Stafford Cripps, Jinnah demanded parity between the number of Congress and League ministers, the Leagues exclusive right to appoint Muslims and a right for Muslim-majority provinces to secede, leading to the breakdown of talks. When it became clear to both British and Congress party that Quaid and Muslim League would not budge from its demand, they made a common front against him. Gandhi-Quaid meetings In 1944 Gandhi held talks fourteen times with Quaid in Bombay, about a united front— while talks failed, Gandhis overtures to Jinnah increased as a last ditch effort to avoid the partition of Hindustan. But League was becoming very representative of all Muslims. The Leagues influence increased in the Punjab after the death of Unionist leader Sikandar Hayat Khan in 1942. In the 1946 elections for the Constituent Assembly of India, the Congress won most of the elected seats, while the League won a large majority of Muslim electorate seats. Interim Government portfolios were announced on 25 October 1946. Muslim Leaguers were sworn in on 26 October 1946. The League entered the interim government, but Quaid refrained from accepting office for himself. This was credited as a major victory for Quaid, as the League entered government having rejected both plans, and was allowed to appoint an equal number of ministers despite being the minority party. The coalition was unable to work, resulting in a rising feeling within the Congress that independence of Pakistan was the only way of avoiding political chaos and possible civil war. Different views about Quaid Some revisionist historians like H M Serve and Ayesha Jalap assert that Quaid never wanted partition of India. It was actually the outcome of the Congress leaders being unwilling to share power with the Muslim League. It is asserted that Quaid only used the Pakistan demand as a method to mobilize support to obtain significant political rights for Muslims. Whatever the case may be, looking at the poor situation of Indian Muslims today and their second class status, Pakistanis should be grateful that Quaid gave up the idea of a united India after the British departure and insisted that Muslims in Hindustan should have their own homeland. Quaid has gained the admiration of major Indian nationalist politicians like Leal Krishna Advani whose comments praising Jinnah caused uproar in his own Bharatiya Janta Party Jessant Singh likewise praised Jinnah for standing up to the Indian National Congress and the British. Everyone from Mount baton, Gandhi, and Nehru down to ordinary persons, friend and foe all agreed that during his lifetime, he brought the wisdom to walk in the path of honor, the courage to follow his convictions, and an abiding compassion for others. He enriched us all by the nobility of his spirit. In his book â€Å"Verdict on India† (1944), Beverley Nichols, the British author and journalist has a chapter; Dialogue with a Giant. This is about his meeting with Quaid. He wrote; â€Å"Mr. Jinnah is in a position of unique strategic importance. He can sway the battle this way or that as he chooses. His 100 million Muslims will march to the left, to the right, to the front, to the rear at his bidding and at nobody else’s. If Gandhi goes, there is Nehru or Raj opal or Paten or a dozen others. But if Jinnah goes, who is there? † CHAP # 4 Jinnahs Vision for Pakistan Defending Policy of Quaid In 1937, Quaid defended his ideology of equality in his speech to the All-India Muslim League in Luck now where he stated, Settlement can only be achieved between equals. He also had a rebuttal to Nehrus statement which argued that the only two parties that mattered in India were the British Raj and INC. † Jinnah stated that the Muslim League was the third and equal partner within Indian politics. Quaid gave a precise definition of the term Pakistan in 1941 at Lahore in which he stated: â€Å"Some confusion prevails in the minds of some individuals in regard to the use of the word Pakistan. This word has become synonymous with the Lahore resolution owing to the fact that it is a convenient and compendious method of describing it. Whilst giving an interview to American press representatives in July 1942, when asked by one of the journalists whether the Muslims were a nation or not, Quaid replied: â€Å"We are a nation with our own distinctive culture and civilization, language and literature, art and architecture, names and nomenclature, sense of values and proportion, legal laws and moral codes, customs and calendar, history and traditions, aptitudes and ambitions, in short, we have our own distinctive outlook on life and of life. By all cannons of international law we are a nation. † A controversy has raged in Pakistan about whether Jinnah wanted Pakistan to be a secular state or an Islamic state. His views as expressed in his policy speech on 11 August 1947 said: â€Å"I think we should keep that in front of us as our ideal and you will find that in course of time Hindus would cease to be Hindus and Muslims would cease to be Muslims, not in the religious sense, because that is the personal faith of each individual, but in the political sense as citizens of the State†. Jinnah, 11August 1947 presiding over the constituent assembly. Quaid wanted a secular state, but with Islamic principles. The reason is that a true Islamic state is not a theocratic state â€Å"Pakistan is not going to be a theocratic State to be ruled by priests with a divine mission. We have many non-Muslims Hindus, Christians, and Parses but they are all Pakistanis. They will enjoy the same rights and privileges as any other citizens and will play their rightful part in the affairs of Pakistan†. Broadcast talk to the people of the United States of America on Pakistan recorded February 1948 Inaugurating the assembly on 11 August 1947, Quaid spoke of an inclusive and pluralist democracy promising equal rights for all citizens regardless of religion, caste or creed. This address is a cause of much debate in Pakistan as, on its basis, many claim that Jinnah wanted a secular state while supporters of Islamic Pakistan assert that this speech is being taken out of context when compared to other speeches by him. On 11 October 1947, in an address to Civil, Naval, Military and Air Force Officers of Pakistan Government, Karachi, he said: â€Å"We should have a State in which we could live and breathe as free men and which we could develop according to our own lights and culture and where principles of Islamic social justice could find free play†. On 21 February 1948, in an address to the officers and men of the 5th Heavy and 6thLight Regiments in Mali, Karachi, he said: â€Å"You have to stand guard over the development and maintenance of Islamic democracy, Islamic social justice and the equality of manhood in your own native soil. With faith, discipline and selfless devotion to duty, there is nothing worthwhile that you cannot achieve†. CHAP # 5 Quaid-e-As am as a Governor General On 14th August 1947, Quaid-e-As am Mohammad Ali Jinnah became the 1st Governor General. He remained Governor General for thirteen months. During this period, he solved many important national issues. Some of them are mentioned as under: Formation of Federal Cabinet As soon as the Quaid-e-As am took an immediate action and nominated members of the Federal Cabinet to run the Government affairs smoothly. Liquate Ali Khan was elected as the Prime Minister. Other members of the cabinet were also nominated. This first cabinet of Pakistan took oath on 15th August 1947. Members of the Cabinet 1. Vardar Abdul Rib Nester (Transports) 2. Raja Ghazanfer Ali Khan (Agriculture) 3. Fazal-ur-Rehman (Education) 4. I. I Chundrigar (Industry) 5. Glulam Mohammad (Finance) 6. Jogander Nath Mandala (Law) 7. Sir Afar Ulla Khan Adjani (Affair) Constitutional Problems The Act of 1935 was amended and enforced in the country as there was no constitution available of the newly born state. Thus this great achievement was done under the administrative leadership of the Quaid-e-As am. Establishment of Capital Karachi was made Capital of Pakistan. Provincial Government Quaid-e-As an elected Chief Minister and Governor. Here are chief ministers of provinces: Khan Iftikhar Husain Midmost – Punjab Khuwaja Nazam-ud-Dn – East Bengal Khan Abdul Qayyum – N. W. F. P Mohammad AyeChurro – Sind Chief Commissioner (British) – Baluchistan Administrative Head Quarters For the administrative reformation, a committee was set up and Chaudhary Mohammad Aye was made the Secretary General. Civil Services were re-organized and Civil Services Academy was constituted. The Secretariat was established. Moreover, Head-quarters for Army, Navy and Air Force were set up. An ammunition factory was also set up. Attention to Foreign Affairs Realizing the sensitivity of foreign affairs, Quaid-e-As am paid his utmost attention to the Foreign Policy. He developed healthy relations with the neighboring and developed countries that were the main objective of the Foreign Policy. Membership of UNO After independence, Quaid-e-As am paid immediate attention for acquiring membership of the United Nations Organization (UNO). On 30th September 1947, Pakistan became the member of the UNO. This all, was done under the dynamic leadership of Quaid-e-As am. Implementation of Education Policy Education plays an important role in the development of a country. It improves living standard of a nation and development. Education sector also needed attention at the time of independence. For this purpose, he held the first Educational Conference in 1947. He wished that every citizen of Pakistan should serve his nation with honesty and national spirit. He made nation with honesty and national spirit. He made acquisition of scientific and technological education compulsory for the students. Quaid-e-As am did a lot to improve education policy of the country. In the Service of Pakistan Quaid-e-As am served his country till his death. Despite his bad health, he kept on going through the important files. He succumbed to deadly disease of consumption. First Cabinet of Pakistan First cabinet of Pakistan was also elected by Quaid-e-As am. He took of it. Liquate Ali Khan was first Prime Minister of Pakistan. CONCLUSION In the conclusion I would like to say that Quaid was great leader and a true Muslim and he was a real architect of Pakistan. He was great leader and he proved it by the creation of Pakistan and he is guiding star for the generation to come and he is role model for generation to come. Limitations First of all I am thankful to Allah Almighty who enabled me to make this assignment. It is wisely said that one feels no pains after he has been successful in doing a work. But I would like to mention some as they are asked. I live in hired hostel where internet is not available. Therefore, I faced many difficulties in gathering data. Moreover, I do not have my own computer so I had to work on my roommate’s computer or on the lab computer. I had much burden of studies of other subjects. So, I could not give as much concentration to this assignment. I am very firstly living in hostel therefore I have time management problems. I also do not possess very vast general knowledge. Bibliography * Syed Shamsul Hassan ed. , Correspondence of Quaid-i-Azam M. A. Jinnahand other papers, Shamsul Hassan collection, Organizational Matters, Vol. I (1936-1947) * Akbar S. Ahmed, Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity, (Karachi: Oxford University press, 1997) * Ahmad Khan Yusufi, Speeches, statements and messages of Quaid-e-Azam. * BBCs Poll for South Asias greatest ever leader. * 1947 August. Chronicles Of Pakistan. * I Remember Jinnah. Daily Dawn (newspaper). Jinnahs speech to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan. 11 August 1947. * Jinnahs Thought at a Glance. Yes Pakistan. com. * Jinnah: South Asias greatest ever leader. * Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876–1948). Story of Pakistan. * Mohammed Ali Jinnah (1876–1948). Harappa. com. * Prof. Khurshid Ahmed, Islamic Ideology (Karachi: Karachi university,2002). * Pictures of Quaid (Album). Urd u Point. * Quaid’s speech at university stadium Lahore, 30 october 1947. * Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Government of Pakistan Website. * Quaid-e-As is Mohammad Ali Jinnah. The Jinnah Society. Rajmohan Gandhi, Eight Lives: A Study of the Hindu-Muslim Encounter (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1986). * Syed Hussain Imam â€Å"Sterling qualities of Quaid†. * South Asias Clarence Darrow. Chow. * The Father of Pakistan. The Most Influential Asians of the Century by TIME. * Wikipedia the free Encyclopedia. * www. national heritage . government. pk - - THE END†¦ - - -